The Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) is the military branch of the Karen National Union (KNU). At the time of Burma's independence from the British in 1948, there was considerable tension between the Karen community and Burma. Some Karens sought independence while others attempted co-existence within Burma. In early 1949, portions of a socialist political militia raised by the government went on a rampage in Karen civilian areas. The Burmese government then arrested the Karen leader of the armed forces and replaced him with radical Burmese anti-Karen nationalist Ne Win. This action led to civil war with some Karen units of the Burma Army coming over to the side of the Karen political leaders and others being imprisoned by the government.
Early in the fighting, Karen forces overran much of Northern Burma including towns such as Mandalay and established strong positions outside Rangoon at Insein. But lacking a port from which to receive military supplies, the Karen forces gradually withdrew to the southeast of Burma. Since that time, the KNLA has been fighting for an independent state, called Kawthoolei, to be located in eastern Burma near the border with Thailand and in other places with large Karen populations.
Tuesday, July 29, 2008
ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားလြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးတပ္မေတာ္;
ကမၻာေပၚတြင္ သက္တမ္းအရွည္ဆုံး အာဏာရွင္ကုိ ေတာ္လွန္သူမ်ား
The Karen National Union (KNU) is an armed group operating in the border area between Burma and Thailand. In Karen, this area is called Kawthoolei. The KNU has been fighting the Burmese government since 1948 through its armed wing, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA).
The KNU was dominated in the last three decades by Bo Mya, who was president from 1976-2000. The KNU was for many years able to fund its activities by controlling black market trade across the border with Thailand. After the failed 8888 Uprising of the Burmese people in 1988, the Burmese military government turned to China for help. Various economic concessions were offered to China in exchange for weapons. The Burmese Army was massively expanded and began to offer deals to groups fighting the government. The groups were offered the choice of cooperating with the military junta or being destroyed.
The KNU's effectiveness was severely diminished after the fall of its headquarters at Manerplaw, near the Thai border, in 1994. At that time, a group of Buddhist soldiers in the KNLA went over to the side of the Burmese military junta. This group, known as the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA), was given territory inside of Burma to rule over in exchange. They played a significant part in the capture of Manerplaw. While the DKBA claims to be fighting against anti-Buddhist discrimination inside the KNU, it is in practice the small private army of a warlord in alliance with the Burmese military junta.[citation needed]. Pado Mahn Shar, the secretary-general of the union was shot dead in his home in Mae Sot, Thailand, on February 14, 2008, possibly by soldiers of the DKBA. [1][2][3]
Since then, the KNU and KNLA have continued to fight the Burma state military (Tatmadaw) by forming guerilla units and basing themselves in temporary jungle camps on the Thai-Burmese border. Following its principle of no surrender, the KNU continues despite a precarious state of existence. Nonetheless, their fight continues to garner the sympathy of the international community since the KNU represent the Karen people, one of the many ethnic nationalities of Burma that are experiencing ethnic cleansing under the military regime's Four Cuts campaigns (Pya Ley Pya), a strategy where intelligence, finances, food and recruits are eliminated through a scorched-earth policy.[citation needed]
Several attempts have been made to conclude a form of peace with Burma's military junta, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), but with little success. The 2004 peace talks yieled only an informal ceasefire which the regime used to reinforce their frontline troops. Analysts realized this was a ruse, and sure enough, offensives against KNU held areas have resumed in earnest.
The Karen conflict is the longest war of independence in the world, having been waged for 58 years.
Monday, July 28, 2008
History of the Karens and KNU
We, the Karens of Burma, have been cornered into fighting against the ruling Burmese Governments for the past forty-three years. Holding the reins of all organs of the state, and in full control of the press, radio, and television, the successive ruling Burmese Governments form U Nu’s AFPFL (Anti-fascist People’s Freedom League) to the present Military Junta headed by General Than Shwe and his State Law and Order Restoration Council(SLORC), have always painted us as black as they can. They have branded us insurgents, war mongers, a handful of border smugglers, black-marketeers and stooges of both the communists and the imperialists. Even so, to the extent of our ability we have always tried to refute the nefarious one-sided Burman propaganda of false accusations and make the true facts of our cause known to he world. In fighting against the ruling Burmese Government, we are not being motivated by narrow nationalism, nor by ill-will towards the Burmese Government or the Burman people. Our struggle was instigated neither by the capitalist world nor by the communists, as some have falsely accused us. It has an originality completely of its own. Throughout history, the Burman have been practicing annihilation, absorption and assimilation(3 A’s) against the Karens and they are still doing so today. In short, they are waging a genocidal war against us. Thus we have been forced to fight for our very existence and survival.In this document we venture to present a concise outline of the Karens’ struggle for freedom; the Karen case, which we consider just, righteous and noble. We hope that through it, the world may come to know the true situation of the Karens, a forgotten people who continue to fight for our freedom intensively, single-handendly and without aid of any kind from anyone.
Karen National Union(KNU)
Kawthoolei
I) The Karens, A Nation, Their Nature and History
The Karens are much more than a national minority. We are a nation with a population of 7 million, having all the essential qualities of a nation. We have our own history, our own language, our own culture, our own land of settlement and our own economic system of life. By nature the Karens are simple, quiet, unassuming and peace loving people, who uphold the high moral qualities of honesty, purity, brotherly love, co-operative living and loyalty, and are devout in their religious beliefs. Historically, the Karens descend from the same ancestors as the Mongolian people. The earliest Karens (or Yangs as called by the Thais), settled in Htee-Hset Met Ywa (Land of Flowing Sands), a land bordering the source of the Yang-tse-Kiang river in the Gobi Desert. From there, we migrated southwards and gradually entered the land now known as Burma about 739 B.C.. We were, according to most historians, the first settlers in this new land. The Karens named this land Kaw-Lah, meaning the Green Land. We began to peacefully clear and till our land from all hindrances. Our labors were fruitful and we were very happy with our lot. So we changed the name of the land to Kawthoolei, a pleasant, plentiful and peaceful country. Here we lived characteristically simple, uneventful and peaceful lives, until the advent of the Burman.
II) Pre World War II Eras: Burman Feudalism, British Imperialism and Japanese Fascism
We the Karens could not enjoy our peaceful lives for long. The Mons were the next to enter this area, followed at their heels by the Burman. Both the Mons and Burman brought with them feudalism, which they practised to the full. The Burman later won the feudal war, and they subdued and subjugated all other nationalities in the land. The Karens suffered untold miseries at the hands of their Burman lords. Persecution, torture and killings, spppression, oppression and exploitation were othe order of the day. To mention a few historical facts as evidence, we may refer to the Burman subjugation of the Mons and the Arakanese, and especially their past atrocities against the Thais at Ayudhaya. These events stand as firm evidence of the Burman feudalism, so severe that those victimized peoples continue to harbour a deep -seated resentment of the Burman today.
At the time, many Karens had to flee for their lives to the high mountains and thick jungles, where communications and means of livelihood were extremely difficult and diseases common. We were thus cut off from all progress, civilization and the rest of the world, and were gradually reduced to backward hill tribes. The rest of the Karens were made slaves. We were forced to do hard labour and were cruelly treated.
When the Brithish occupied Burma, the conditions of the Karens gradually improved. With the introduction of law and order by the Colonial Central Authority, the Karens began to earn their living without being hindered, and we could go to school and be educated. This infuriated the Burman, to see the despised Karens being treated equally by the British. Progress of the Karens in almost all fields was fast, and by the beginning of the 20th Century, the Karens were ahead of other peoples in many respects, expecially in education, athletics and music. It could be said that the Karens had a breathing spell during the period of the British Regime. But during the Second World War, in 1942, the Japanese invaded Burma with the help of the Burma Independence Army(BIA), who led them into the country. These BIA troops took full advantage of the situation by insinuating that the Karens were spies and puppets of the British, and therefore were enemies of the Japanese and the Burman. With the help of the Japanese, they began to attack the Karen villages, using a scheme to wipe out the entire Karen populace which closely resembled the genocidal scheme Hitler was enacting against the Jews in Germany. The Karens in many parts of the country were arrested, tortured and killed. Our properties were looted, our womenfolk raped and killed, and our hearths and homes burned. Conditions were so unbearable that in some areas the Karens retaliated fiercely enough to attract the attention of the Japanese Government, which mediated and somewhat controlled the situation.
Post-World War II Eras: Demand for the Karen State, Tensions and Armed Conflicts
The Bitter experiences of the Karens throughout our history in Burma, especially during the second World War , taught us one lesson. They taught us that as a nation, unless we control a state of our own, we will never experience a life of peace and decency, free from persecution and oppression. We will never be allowed to work hard, to grow and prosper.
Soon after the Second World War, all the nations under colonial rule were willed with national aspirations for independence. The Karen sent a Goodwill Mission to England in August 1946, to make the Karen case know to the British Government and the British people, and to ask for a true Karen State. But the reply of the British Labor Government was “to throw our lot with the Burman.” We deeply regretted this, for as it predictably has turned out today, it was a gesture grossly detrimental to our right of self-determination, only condemning us to further oppression. It is extremely difficult for the Karens and the Burmans, two peoples with diametrically opposite views, outlooks, attitudes and mentalities, to yoke together.
However, differences in nature and mentality are not the main reason for our refusal to throw in our lot with the Burman. There are other more important reasons for sticking to our demand for our own State within a genuine Federal Union.
1. We are concerned that the tactics of annihilation, absorption and assimilation, which have be practiced in the past upon all other nationalities by the Burman rulers, will be continued by the Burman of the future as long as they are in power.
2. We are concerned about the postwar independence Aung Sun-Atlee and Nu-Atlee Agreements, as there was no Karen representative in either delegation and no Karen opinion was sought. The most that the Burman would allow us to have was a pseudo Karen State, which falls totally under Burman authority. In that type of Karen State, we must always live in fear of their cruel abuse of that authority over us.
On January 4, 1948, Burma got its independence from the British. The Karens continued to ask for self-determination democratically and peacefully from the Burmese Government The Karen State requested by the Karens was comprised of the Irrawaddy Division, the Tenasserim Division, the Hantha waddy District, Insein District and the Nyauglebin Sub-Division, the areas where the bulk of the Karen populace could be found. But instead of compromising with the Karens by peaceful negotiations concerning the Karen case, the Burmese Government and the Burmese Press said many negative things about us, especially by frequently repeating their accusations that the Karens are puppets of the British and enemies of the Burman. The Burmese Government agitated the Burman people toward communal clashes between the Karens and the Burman. Another accusation against the Karens demand was that it not the entire Karen people who desired a Karen state, but a handful of British lackeys who wanted the ruin of the Union of Burma.
To counter the accusations and show the world that it was the whole Karen people’s desire for a Karen state, a peaceful demonstration by the Karens all over the country was staged on February 11, 1948, in which over 400,000 Karen took part. The banners carried in the procession contained four slogans, namely: 1.Give the Karen State at once 2. Show Burman one Kyat and Karen one Kyat 3. Wedo not want communal strife. 4. We do not want civil war.
The slogans of the Karen in this mass demonstration voiced the same desire as the three slogans of the British Colonies after the Second World War: Liberty, Equality, and Peace. We followed the established democratic procedures in our request for a Karen state.
A few months after Burma got its independence, successive desertions in the AFPFL put U Nu, the then Premier, in grave trouble. The revolts of the Red Flag Communist Party in 1947, the Communist Party of Burma in March 1948, the People’s Volunteer Organization in June 1948, and the mutinies of the 1St... Burma Rifles stationed at Thayetmyo and the 3rd Burma Rifles stationed at Mingladon, Rangoon(August 15, 1948), prompted U Nu to approach the Karen leaders to help the Government by taking up the security of Rangoon, and save it from peril. The Karens did not take advantage of the situation, but readily complied to U Nu’s request and helped him out of his predicament. The KNDO(Karen National Defence Organization), officially recognized by the Burmese Government, was posted at all the strategic positions and all the roads and routes leading to Rangoon. For months the KNDO faithfully took charge of the security of Rangoon.
The KNDO was given several tasks in forming an outer ring of defence, particularly at Hlegu an Twante. Most important of all was the reoccupation of Twante town, Rangoon’s key riverain gateway to the Delta towns an upper Burma. this little town had fallen several times to the communists. Each time it was retaken by regular troops, only to fall back into the hands of the rebels as soon as conditions returned to normal and control was handed back to the civil authorities and the police. This time, a KNDO unit under the leadership of Bo Toe and Bo Aung Min was ordered to retake Twante, which was once more in the hands of the Red Flag Communists. They succeeded with their own resources and without any support from the regular army other than river transport. After wresting the town from the Red Flag Communists hands, they garrisoned it in accordance with their given orders.
The two Burma Rifles that had mutinied marched down south, unopposed along the way until they reached Kyungale bridge, near the town of Let pa-dan, where they were stopped by a company of Karen UMP(union Military police). Their truck carrying arms and ammunition received a direct hit from mortar five of the Karen UMP and was destroyed. So, they retreated after suffering heavy casualties.
But even while all this was happening, the ungrateful Burmese Government was hastily organizing a strong force of levies to make an all-out effort to smash the Karens. By December 1948, they arrested the Karen leaders in many parts of the country. Karen personnel in the armed services were disarmed and put into jail. General Smith Dun, General Officer Commanding(GOC) of the Burma Army, was forced to resign.. Many Karen villages were attacked and many Karen hearths and homes burnt and destroyed. On the 30th of January 1949, the Burmese Government declared the KNDO unlawful. Early the nest morning on the 31st of January, the Burmese troops attacked the KNDO Headquarters at Insein, a town about 10 mile north of Rangoon, where most of the top Karen leaders lived. There was no alternative left for the Karens but to fight back. An order was issued to all the Karens throughout the country to take up whatever armsthey could find and fight for their lives, their honor, and their long cherished Karen state: Kawthoolie.
When we took up arms, we attained great successes and occupied many towns and cities. We soon suffered military reverses, however, as we had not prepared for revolution and therefore, had now stockpile of arms and ammunition. We had to withdraw from many fronts, this allowing Burmese troops to reoccupy these areas. Compounding this, the Burmese Government called for unity with all the other uprising Burman rebel groups. These Burman rebel groups saw the Karens as the greatest obstacle to their seizing exclusive power and they joined hands with the Burmese Government and fought against the Karens. As a result, the Karens found themselves fighting against all the armed elements in the country.
Another reason for our setbacks was that all along, we had to stand on our own feet and fight alone without aid of any kind form any other country. In contrast, the Burmese Government received large amounts of foreign aid, including military aid from both capitalist and socialist countries and even form some so-called non-aligned nations. Many times then and since the situation of the Burmese Government has been precarious, but it has managed to continue mainly through aid from abroad. Many times it has been in dire straits, but it has not been ashamed to go begging. And as hard as it is for us to believe, its begging bowls have always come back filled.
Present Day Situation: The Karens Under Successive Burmese Regimes, The Revolutionary Areas, and the Present Situation(Editor’s note: this period covers the time up to July 1992 only. Things have changed dramatically since then)
Under the rule of the Burman, the Karens have been oppressed politically, economically, and culturally. In education, the Karen schools and institutions were taken by force and many were destroyed. We are no longer allowed to study our own language in Burmese schools. Many of the Karen newspapers and literary books were banned. Economically, our fields and plots of land were nationalized and confiscated. We have to toil hard all year round and have to take all our products to the Burmese Government for sale at its controlled prices, leaving little for ourselves. Culturally, they have attempted to absorb and dissolve our language, literature, traditions, and customs. We have been denied all political rights and militarily, our people have all along been systematically exterminated as part of the annihilation, absorption, and assimilation program of the Burman. Our educational quality and living standards have dropped considerably, falling far behind the Burman in all respects. There efforts and actions against us are as strong, or stronger, today as ever before in the past.
Since the 1960’s, they have been attacking us with the “Four Cuts Operations.” The four cuts includes cutting our lines for supplying provisions, cutting the line of contact between the masses and the revolutionaries, cutting all revolutionary financial income and resources, and cutting off the heads of all revolutionaries. To make the four cuts operation successful, the Burmese troops are using strong suppressive measures. They destroy the fields of crops planted by the villagers and eat their grains and livestock. They take away whatever they like and destroy the things they cannot carry away. Captured villagers, men as well as women and adolescents, are made to carry heavy loads as porters for the Burmese soldiers. Many of the villagers have been forced to work a porters for several months; they are deliberately starved, and regularly beaten, raped, or murdered. When the Burmese soldiers enter a village, they shoot the villagers who try to escape. Some of the villagers have been accused of helping the revolutionaries and then have been killed. In certain areas, the villagers have been forced to leave their villages and have been moved to camps some distance away. They are not permitted to leave the camps without permission from the Burmese guards. Some of the villagers, who have been found in their villages after being ordered to move to the camps, have been shot and killed by the Burmese soldiers with no questions asked.
Situations such as these and sometimes worse are happening constantly throughout Kawthoolei and are causing a large number of Karens and Shans in Kawthoolei to leave their villages and take refuge along the Thai border: a difficult situation for us, as we do not have enough money to provide for these refugees. In spite of these situations we are determined to progress. Even though there is no end of the war in sight, and we are unable to obtain assistance from other countries, we are moving forward the best we can.
During this long and grueling forty-three years of war, we have seen many changes take place in our revolution. The strong will and determination of our fighting forces and our masses to fight to win the war have increased. We have been able to endure hardships, both physically and mentally. We have grown in strength; not only in quantity but also in quality. Our masses have shown more cooperation by participating in the battlefields to fight against the enemy in various ways. Our people from towns and cities in enemy occupied areas have joined our revolution in great numbers. Many Karens who are University graduates have joined us, thus enriching the quality of our revolution. Villagers throughout Kawthoolei are active in support roles, while the morale, discipline, and military skills of our fighting forces have increased. We have been able to inflict greater setbacks on the enemy in all our military engagements.
Burma is a multi-national country, inhabited also by the Kachin, Arkanese, Karenni, Lahu, Mon, Pa-O, Palaung, Shan, and Wa, etc. After independence, these ethnic races were also denied the basic rights of freedom, self-determination, and democracy. Hence, almost all the other nationalities in Burma have also taken up arms to fight against the Burmese Government for their own self-determination, and are now united in the National Democratic Front(NDF). There are now altogether nine members in the National Democratic Front, namely: 1.Arakan Liberation Party(ALP) 2.Chin National Front(CNF) 3.Kachin Independence Organization 4.Karen National Union(KNU) 4. Karennie National Progressive Party(KNPP) 6. Kayan New Land Party(KNLP) 7. Lahu National Organization(LNO) 8. New Mon State Party(NMSP) 9. Wa National Organization(WNO).
The consolidated National Democratic Front (NDF has resolved to form a genuine Federal Union, comprised of all the states of the nationalities in Burma, including a Burman state, on the basis of liberty, equality and social progress. The NDF is determined to fight on until victory is achieved, and requests the people of all classes and all walks of life to join hands and fight the Ne Win-Than Shwe military dictatorship.
By 1988, the oppression of Ne Win’s military regime had become so severe that even the Burman masses rose up against it. The regime’s response was to gun down thousands of peaceful demonstrators, mainly young students and monks. Even so Ne Win could not subdue them, and he was forced to resign, seemingly handing over power to his chosen successors in the State Law and Order Restoration Council(SLORC), but continuing to pull the strings of power from behind the scenes. The SLORC promised a multi-party election and held it in 1990, only to persecute and imprison the winners rather than hand over state power to them. Thousands of Burmese students, monks, and other dissidents fled to the areas governed by NDF member organizations. There they were accepted and sheltered by the ethnic peoples, particularly in the Karen areas, where no less than 6,000 students arrived along with other dissidents, all wanting to organize and struggle against the SLORC. In late 1988, the KNU took the initiative in proposing that the NDF form a broader political front along with the newly formed Burman groups to meet the developing political situation. The other NDF members agreed, and the Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB) was formed, including all the members of the NDF as well as groups such as the All Burma Students’ Front (ABSDF) and the All Burma Young Monks’ union(ABYMU). The DAB unitedly committed itself to the following four principles: 1. The removal of the military dictators. 2. The establishment of democratic government. 3. The cessation of civil war and the establishment of internal peace. 4. The establishment of National Unity and a genuine federal union.
This marks the firstime that the people of all races, even the Burmans, have been united in trying to throw off the yoke of an oppressive Burmese regime.
ခုိင္မြန္ေက်ာ္ရဲ႕ စကၤာပူပညာေရးခရီးအေတြ႔အႀကံဳ
arrived in Singapore when I enrolled for the Diploma in Hospitality and Tourism Business with The Tourism Academy @ Sentosa in May 2005.
The first thing I realized was that the teaching methods used at The Tourism Academy were different from Myanmar. Adjusting to the new methods was difficult at first. However, our lecturers were helpful and provided guidance to encourage independent learning and instilled confidence in us.
At The Tourism Academy, we were also encouraged to learn and work in small groups through group projects. As group members come from different countries like China, Indonesia, Vietnam and Malaysia, we speak English with different accents and also understand certain terms differently. So in our first term, effective communication on academic subjects was often a challenge. Over time, I developed communication skills that helped to overcome the challenges.
Studying and living in Singapore has been very good. As the tourism facilities and services in Singapore are more developed than those in my country, I have had opportunities I would not otherwise have had to pick up practical knowledge and skills. Public transportation is safe and convenient. The variety of food available is numerous and I can find my favourite Myanmar dishes at ‘Little Myanmar’ near City Hall MRT station. As my family is in Singapore, I do not have to think about grocery shopping, laundry and cleaning the house or paying utility bills which most of my classmates have to think about too. They tell me they have become much, much more independent as a result.
I graduated on 21st of May 2007. When I look back, I realized I have been exposed to challenges at The Tourism Academy that allowed me to cultivate confidence in my own abilities and develop skills to prepare me for the industry. I plan to work for at least a couple of years before pursuing a degree. I am proud of what I have achieved and look to my future with confidence.
Saturday, July 26, 2008
အႏုပညာႏွင့္အတတ္ပညာ
က်ေနာ္တုိ႔ သိရမွာက အႏုပညာဆုိတဲ့ ေ၀ါဟာရစကားေလးပါပဲ၊ အႏုပညာေျမာက္တယ္၊ အႏုပညာ၀ါသနာပါတယ္၊ အႏုပညာစိတ္ရိွတယ္၊ အႏုပညာေလ့လာလုိက္စားတယ္၊ အႏုပညာရွင္ စသည္အားျဖင့္ အႏုပညာနဲ႔ပတ္သက္တဲ့ ၀ိေသသနေတြ အမ်ားႀကီးေတြ႔ရပါတယ္၊
အထက္ပါ၀ိေသသနစကားလုံးနဲ႕ အႏုပညာဆုိတဲ့ ေ၀ါဟာရကုိ တဲြသုံးလုိက္ေသာအခါ အႏုပညာဟာ သီးျခားလူအဖဲြ႔တစ္ခုနဲ႔သာ သက္ဆုိင္တယ္လုိ႔ ယူဆရမလုိျဖစ္ေနပါတယ္၊
အႏုပညာလုိ႔ဆုိလုိက္တာနဲ႔ မင္းသားမင္းသမီးေတြကုိ ျမင္ေရာင္မယ္၊ သဘင္သည္ ပန္းပုဆရာ ပန္းခ်ီဆရာေတြကုိ ျမင္ေရာင္မယ္၊ အဆုိေတာ္ေတြ အတီးအမႈတ္သမားေတြကုိ ျမင္ေရာင္မယ္၊ ဒါက ထင္ထင္ရွားရွားျမင္ႏုိင္တဲ့အရာေတြျဖစ္ပါတယ္၊
၀ါသနာသည္ လူတစ္ေယာက္၏ သင္ယူလုိစိတ္ကုိ ႏိႈးဆြေပးသည္ဟုဆုိ၏၊ လူျဖစ္လာ သည္ႏွင့္ သင္ယူရျခင္း ဆုိတဲ့ အတတ္ပညာက အတူတကြပါလာ၏၊ ထုိသင္ယူျခင္းအတတ္ ပညာသည္ အႏုပညာတစ္ခုပင္ဆုိႏုိင္၏၊ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ အႏုပညာသည္ လူသားတုိင္း၏ ႏွလုံးအိမ္၌ အစကတည္းက ျဖစ္တည္ေနေသာ ပညာရပ္တစ္ခုျဖစ္သည္။
အႏုပညာသည္ ေလာကတြင္ အျပဳသေဘာေဆာင္ေသာအသြင္ျဖင့္ တည္ရိွေနသည္၊ တကယ့္အႏုပညာ၏ဂုဏ္သတၱိသည္ ေသသပ္စြာလုပ္ကုိင္လုိျခင္း၊ ဦးေႏွာက္အသိဉာဏ္ျဖင့္ တီထြင္ဖန္တီးလုိေသာဆႏၵတုိးပြားလာျခင္း၊ အလွတရားကုိခ်စ္ျမတ္ႏုိးတတ္ၿပီး ေလာကကုိ ခ်စ္စရာေကာင္းေအာင္ ဖန္တီးေစာင့္ေရွာက္လုိျခင္းတုိ႔ျဖစ္သည္။
ေနာက္ထပ္အႏုပညာ၏အရည္အေသြးတစ္ခုကေတာ့ အမွန္တရားကုိ ခ်စ္ျမတ္ႏုိး တတ္ျခင္း ပင္ျဖစ္သည္၊ သုိ႔ဆုိလွ်င္ ေလာက၌ အႏုပညာလြမ္းမုိးေလ ေလာကႀကီးသာယာ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းမႈရိွေလဟုဆုိလွ်င္ ထုိစကားမွန္သေလာ့၊ ဟုတ္ကဲ့ ထုိစကားမွန္သင့္သေလာက္ေတာ့ မွန္၏၊ သုိ႔ေသာ္ လက္နက္ငယ္ကအစ အႏုျမဴလက္နက္တုိ႔အဆုံး လူသားတုိ႔ ဖန္တီးလုိက္ေသာ အတတ္ပညာသည္ ေလာကႀကီးသာယာၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေအာင္မလုပ္ႏုိင္ေသးသည္မဟုတ္ေလာ၊ လုပ္ေကာလုပ္ႏုိင္ပါမည္ေလာ၊ ထုိသုိ႔သံသယရိွအံ့၊ ဤေနရာ၌ အႏုပညာႏွင့္ အတတ္ပညာကုိ ေရေရလည္လည္ခြဲျခားရေပေတာ့မည္၊ အႏုပညာသည္ အထက္ဆုိခဲ့သည့္အတုိင္း သူ၏ဂုဏ္သတိၱေတြကုိ ေသခ်ာစဥ္းစာလ်င္ အတတ္ပညာနဲ႔အႏုပညာတုိ႔ မတူညီတဲ့အခ်က္ေတြ ကုိ ခဲြျခားလာႏုိင္မည္ျဖစ္သည္။
အႏုပညာမွာ ဦးေႏွာက္အသိဉာဏ္ျဖင့္ တီထြင္ဖန္တီးလုိျခင္းမွအစ အမွန္တရားကုိခ်စ္ျမတ္ႏုိးျခင္းအဆုံး ဂုဏ္အဂၤါတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ျပည့္စုံရမည္ျဖစ္သည္၊ အတတ္ပညာတြင္ အႏုပညာလက္ရာတုိ႔ပါ၀င္ႏုိ္င္ေသာ္လည္း ဖန္တီးသူတုိ႔ရဲ႕ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္အတုိင္း လုိက္ပါရသည္ အားေလ်ာ္စြာ အတတ္ပညာသည္ လူသားတုိ႔၏ႏွလုံးသား၌ အႏုပညာေလာက္ ႏုည့ံသိမ္ေမြ႕စြာ ေနရာမယူႏုိင္ျဖစ္ေနသည္၊ အတတ္ပညာသမားတုိ႔သည္ အသိပညာျဖင့္ ေလာကႀကီးကုိ အႏု ပညာေျမာက္စြာဖန္တီးႏုိင္လ်င္ က်ေနာ္တုိ႔ေနထုိင္ရေသာ ဤေလာကႀကီသည္ သယာေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ ဖြယ္ သုခဘုံတစ္ခုကဲ့သုို႔ လူတုိင္းေအးခ်မ္းစြာေနႏုိင္ၾကမည္ျဖစ္သည္၊ အထက္နဲ႔ေအာက္၊ ခ်မ္း သာျခင္းနဲ႔ဆင္းရဲတုိ႔ ကေမာက္ကမ မျဖစ္ေတာ့ပဲ လူသားတုိင္း ကိုယ္ပုိင္လူ႔အခြင္းေရးမ်ား ခံစား ရမွာအမွန္ပင္ျဖစ္သည္၊
အႏုပညာလက္ရာတစ္ခုဟာ လက္ေတြ႕ဘ၀နဲ႔ သိပ္တင္းကြာလြန္းေနရင္
အျခားသူေတြကုိ ဆက္သြယ္ေျပာၾကားဖုိ႔ မျဖစ္ႏုိင္ေတာ့ဘူး၊
(ဒန္မက္ေကာ)
အရာရာကုိ လုပ္ေဆာင္လုိ၊ ဖန္တီးလုိေသာအခါ လက္ရိွလူသားတုိ႔ ခံယူထားေသာဘ၀ႏွင့္ ကုိက္ညီမႈရိွမရိွဆုိတာလည္း ထည့္စဥ္းစားရျပန္ပါသည္၊ လူသားတုိ႔၏အေတြးအေခၚသည္ အခ်ိန္ႏွင့္အမွ်ေျပာင္းလဲတုိးတက္ေနေသာအခါ အတတ္ပညာႏွင့္အႏုပညာတုိ႔၏ နယ္ပယ္ သည္လည္း လူသားေတြရဲ႕ အေတြးအေခၚႏွင့္ ဘ၀အေျခအေနကုိ လုိရာလုိက္ပါေပးႏုိင္ေသာ
မ်ဥ္းေဘာင္တစ္ခုရိွဖုိ႔ေတာ့လုိလိမ့္မည္၊ ကို္ယ့္အတတ္ကုိ ကုိယ္လုိရာျပဌာန္းၿပီး လုပ္ခ်င္သလုိမ ဟုတ္ပဲ အႏုပညာေျမာက္စြာ လုပ္ႏုိင္လွ်င္ မိမိဖန္တီးလုိက္ေသာ အရာေတြဟာမိမိထံသုိ႔ သိမ္ေမြ႔ျခင္း၊ နက္နဲစြာ၀မ္းသာခံစားရျခင္း ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းျခင္းစတဲ့ အားအင္ေတြ အလုိလို ကိုယ့္ထံေမွာက္ေရာက္ရိွလာႏုိင္မယ္ဆုိတာ ယုံၾကည္ျမင္မိပါတယ္။
ေစာေနမ်ိဳး(ဒုံးယိမ္းေျမ)
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
ခင္းမီးအင္းထာင္အု္ယး၊
ဖႜဳံယွင္ ယွင္ဖႜဳံ ဍဳဂ္ေလာတ္သာ
႓းစာင္းဟွာလင္ႏုံ႔လင္ဏာ
ဆု္ဍြၚသိုင့္ေမံလု္ေသ္ွယာ့
ဃႊီေလာဟ္သာဟွာင္.႓်ာလင္ယွာ။
သၱာ္လု္အ္ွပညာ႓ႜဟ္
ဆုိဒ္အု္ဟွင္.ဆံင့္မံင္းလု္စ္ွ
လု္္ပါတိင့္သာ ဆု္အင္းကဟ္
မာသီ့ေလာဟ္သာမ၀့္မ္ွလ၀့္။
ပညာ့လု္္အ္ွပု္ေမံခၚ
ေယာ၀္လာ.ေအထီ့အု္ခီ့ထာ္
ပု္ဆုိဒ္မု္ဆဆု္႓ၚဆာ္
ဖႜဳံယွင္အ္ွလာ.ေဍသၱာ္။
ဟွာင္.အဲဆုိဒ္(၀ါန္.ရ၀္)
Sunday, July 20, 2008
ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသား ႏုိင္ငံေက်ာ္ဆုိင္းဆရာႀကီး( ဦး)စိန္စတင္း အေၾကာင္းတေစ့တေစာင္း
ဆရာဘႀကီးသည္ ဓႏုျဖဴၿမိဳ႕နယ္၊ သူေ႒းကုန္းေက်းရြာ အဖ ဦးမန္းဒီလုံး၊ အမိ ေနာ္ေအးခ်မ္းတုိ႔မွ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့ပါသည္၊
စိန္စတင္း-ဟူေသာဆရာ့နာမည္ျဖစ္လာပုံက စိတ္၀င္စားစရာေကာင္းပါသည္၊ လြန္ခဲ့ေသာ အႏွစ္(၆၀)ခန္႕ကျဖစ္သည္၊ ဆရာတုိ႔ရြာႏွင့္ကပ္လ်က္ေနေသာ ေတာႀကီးရြာတြင္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳး သားႏွစ္သစ္ကူးပဲြေတာ္ကုိ ဒုံးအကတုိ႔ျဖင့္ စည္ကားသုိက္ၿမိဳက္စြာ က်င္းပျပဳလုပ္ေနခ်ိန္ျဖစ္သည္၊ ထုိအခ်ိန္က
တုိင္းျပည္တြင္ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းမႈမရိွေသာကာလလည္း ျဖစ္ေလရာ ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ပဲြေတာ္ကုိ ဖ်က္ဆီးလုိသည့္ အဖဲြ႕တစ္ဖဲြ႕မွ စတင္းဂန္းေသနတ္ကုိ မုိးေပၚေထာင္ပစ္ၿပီး ပဲြကုိဖ်က္သိမ္းခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္၊ ထုိအခ်ိန္ စိန္စတင္း၏မိခင္မွာ သူ႔ကုိကုိယ္၀န္ လြယ္ထားရသျဖင့္ ေသနတ္သံၾကားရေတာ့ ေၾကာက္လန္႕ၿပီး ပုန္းခုိေနရင္း ဗုံးက်င္းထဲမွာပင္ စိန္စတင္းကုိ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့ရပါသည္၊
အဖြားျဖစ္သူ ၀မ္းဆဲြသည္ ေဒၚအမာက -စတင္းဂန္းပစ္ေဖာက္တဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ ငါ့ေျမးကုိေမြးတယ္၊ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ငါ့ေျမးေလးကို စတင္းေလး-လုိ႔ နာမည္ေပးမယ္-ဆုိၿပီး စတင္းေလးမွသည္ ယခုေအာင္ျမင္ေက်ာ္ၾကားေနေသာ ႏုိင္ငံေက်ာ္စိန္စတင္း ျဖစ္လာခဲ့ပါသည္။
ဆရာႀကီးသည္ မိမိကုိယ္တုိင္ထူခြ်န္သူမကပဲ မိမိမ်ိဳးဆက္သစ္ေတြကုိလည္း ထူးခြ်န္ေစသူျဖစ္ပါတယ္၊ ဆရာ့မွာ သားသမီး(၅)ေယာက္ထြန္းကားၿပီး ထုိသားသမီး ငါးေယာက္စလုုံးမွာလည္း လိမၼာထူးခြ်န္သူမ်ားျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္၊ ဒါေၾကာင့္ဆရာသည္ ဖခင္ေကာင္းတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္သလုိ ဥယ်ာဥ္မႈးေကာင္းတစ္ေယာက္လည္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္၊ ဆရာရဲ႕ထူးခြ်န္ေသာ သားသမီးမ်ားမွာ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္းျဖစ္ပါသည္--
၁။ စိန္ႏုိင္လင္းေခၚ ႏုိင္စတင္း= ဆုိကေရးတီး ဆိုိင္း ေရြခုႏွစ္ဆု၊ ေငြႏွစ္ဆု၊
၂။ ေမာင္မင္းကုိ= ပတ္တီးလက္ေထာက္၊ ဆုိကေရးတီး ပတၱလားေရြတစ္ဆု၊ ေငြႏွစ္ဆု၊ ေၾကးႏွစ္ဆု၊
၃။ ေဒါက္တာတင္တင္ယု
၄။ ေရြအလကၤာ စိန္မင္းႏုိင္= ဆုိကေရးတီး ေရြရွစ္ဆု၊ ေငြတစ္ဆု၊
၅။ ေက်ာ္ေက်ာ္ဟန္(အဆုိ) ရန္ကုန္တုိင္း အုိးစည္ဒုိးပတ္နည္းျပ၊ ဆုိကေရးတီး ေရြႏွစ္ဆယ့္သုံးဆု၊ ေငြႏွစ္ဆု၊ ေၾကးႏွစ္ဆု….တုိ႔ျဖစ္ပါသည္။
ဆရာႀကီး၏မ်ိဳးဆက္ရင္ေသြးလူငယ္မ်ားရဲ႕ေအာင္ျမင္မႈ ဘ၀မွတ္တမ္းကား အနာဂတ္ကရင္ အမ်ိဳးသား အႏုပညာ၀ါသနာရွင္လူငယ္မ်ား အတုယုေလ့လာစရာစျပေကာင္းတစ္ခုျဖစ္ပါသည္။
ေပ်ာက္ဆုံးေနေသာေဆးတစ္ခြက္
တစ္ခါတစ္ခါ မ်က္ႏွာကုိ အုိးမည္းသုတ္ခံလုိက္ရ
တစ္ခါတစ္ခါ အရင္းခံစိတ္ကို အေရာင္ဆုိးခံလုိက္ရ
ေကာက္က်စ္မႈေတြရဲ႕လွည့္ကြက္ေအာက္မွာ
ကကြက္အသစ္အဆန္းေတြ ကခဲ့ရေပါ့။
မြန္းၾကပ္ေမွာင္မုိက္ညလယ္မွာ
မုိးလင္းခြင့္နဲ႔အခါခါလဲြခဲ့ရ
အေမွာင္ကုိ အမွန္နဲ႔ေဆးေၾကာခြင့္မရေတာ့
အတိတ္ကအရသာနဲ႔
ဘ၀ကုိခါးသီးစြာ က်ိဳေသာက္ခဲ့ရ က်ိဳေသာက္ခံလုိက္ရ
ကုိ္ယ့္ကုိယ္ကနားမလည္ႏုိင္ေသးတဲ့ေရာဂါက
ေဆးဆရာမွားကုိ အားကုိးရင္း
ေသြးသားမ်ားစြာကုိ စေတးခဲ့ရ။
ငါလုိခ်င္တာက လြတ္ေျမာက္မႈ
ငါခ်စ္တာက အမွန္္တရား
ငါကုိးကြယ္တာကသစၥာ
ဒီဆာေလာင္မႈေတြ ေျပေပ်ာက္ဖုိ႔
မွ်တတဲ့ေဆးတစ္ခြက္ပဲလုိအပ္တယ္။
ဟွာင္.အဲဆုိဒ္
ေၾကြလြင့္သြားေသာ ၾကယ္တစ္ပြင့္
ေဖေဖာ္၀ါရီလ ၁၄-ရက္၊ ညေန ၄-နာရီ မီနစ္-၄၀ အခ်ိန္တြင္ ေကအန္ယူအေထြေထြအတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ ဗဒုိမန္းရွာလာမန္း သည္ အမည္မသိ ေသနတ္သမားႏွစ္ဦး၏ လုပ္ၾကံမႈေၾကာင့္ မဲေဆာက္ၿမိဳ႕ေနအိမ္တြင္ ကြယ္လြန္သြားေၾကာင္း သိရပါသည္။
မ်က္ျမင္သက္ေသတစ္ဦးျဖစ္သူ၏ ေျပာျပခ်က္အရ အိမ္ေရွ့မွာ ကားအနက္တစ္စီးရပ္ၿပီး ကားေပၚမွ လူႏွစ္ေယာက္ဆင္းလာကာ အိမ္ေရွ႕ေလွကားေပၚတက္လာၿပီး လက္ထဲတြင္လည္း သစ္သီးထည့္ထားေသာ ျခင္းတစ္လုံးကုိင္ၿပီးေတာ့ ဦးေလးထုိင္ေနရာ အိမ္ေရွ႕၀ရန္တာသုိ႔ သြားကာ ဦးေလးမဂၤလာပါ ဆုိသည္ကုိ ကရင္လုိေျပာဆုိႏႈတ္ဆက္ၿပီး ရင္ညြန္႔ကုိ ေသနတ္နဲ႕ ႏွစ္ခ်က္ပစ္လုိက္တာ ေနရာတြင္ ပဲြခ်င္းၿပီး ေသဆုံးသြားတယ္၊
ဗဒုိမန္းရွာသည္ ၁၉၄၃-ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ေအရာ၀တီတုိင္း ပန္းတေနာ္ၿမိဳ႕နယ္တြင္ ေမြးဖြားေသာ ပုိးကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားတစ္ဦးျဖစ္ၿပီး ၁၉၆၂-ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ရန္ကုန္တကၠသုိလ္သုိ႔ တက္ေရာက္ပညာသင္ၾကားခဲ့ကာ ၁၉၆၆-ခုႏွစ္တြင္ သမုိင္းဘာသာရပ္ျဖင့္ ဘဲြ႕ရၿပီး ၁၉၆၇-ခုႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လတြင္ ကရင္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးတပ္သုိ႔ ၀င္ေရာက္ခဲ့သည္၊ ၁၉၈၄-ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ေကအန္ယူအရန္ဗဟုိေကာ္မတီ၀င္ျဖစ္ခဲ့ၿပီး ၁၉၉၀-ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ဗဟုိေကာ္မတီ၀င္ျဖစ္လာခဲ့သည္၊ ၁၉၉၅-ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ေကအန္ယူတဲြဖက္ ေကအန္ယူကြန္ကရတြင္ အေထြေထြအတြင္းေရးမွဴးအျဖစ္ ေရြးခ်ယ္ခံရကာ ကြန္လြန္သည့္အထိ တာ၀န္မ်ားကုိ ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့ပါသည္၊
ဗဒုိမန္းရွာ၏ စ်ာပနအခမ္းအနားကုိ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားလြတ္ေျမာက္ေရး တပ္မေတာ္စစ္ဌာနခ်ဳပ္တြင္ ၁-၂-၂၀၀၈ တြင္က်င္းပခဲ့သည္၊ သူ၏ကြယ္လြန္ခ်ိန္တြင္ သမီးႏွစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္သည့္ နန္႕ဘြာဘြာမန္း၊ နန္႕ဇုိရာဖန္းႏွင့္ သားႏွစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္သည့္ ေစာေစးေစးႏွင့္ စလုံဖန္းတုိ႔ ညီအစ္ကုိေမာင္ႏွမေလးေယာက္က်န္ရစ္ခဲ့ပါသည္။
ေစာေစးေစးမွလဲြၿပီး က်န္သားသမီးသုံးဦးမွာ ႏိုင္ငံျခားတြင္ ပညာသင္ၾကားလ်က္ရွိသည္။
Thursday, July 17, 2008
ဖဒိုမန္းရွာ လုပ္ၾကံခံရမႈကို စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆးေပးရန္ ၿဗိတိသွ်အမတ္မ်ားက ေတာင္းဆို
နယူးေဒလီ။ ။ ၆ဝ ဦးခန္႔ရွိေသာ ၿဗိတိသွ်ပါလီမန္ အမတ္မ်ားသည္ ျမန္မာတိုင္းရင္းသား သူပုန္အဖြဲ႔ေခါင္းေဆာင္ တဦးျဖစ္ေသာ ဖဒိုမန္းရွာလဖန္ လုပ္ႀကံခံရမႈကို စစ္ေဆးေဖၚထုတ္ေပးရန္ 'Early Day Motion' ပန္ၾကားခ်က္ကုိ လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုး၍ ၿဗိတိသွ်အစိုးရကို ေတာင္းဆိုလုိက္ၾကသည္။
တိုင္းရင္းသား လက္နက္ကိုင္ အဖြဲ႔အစည္း တခုျဖစ္သည့္ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသား အစည္းအရံုး (KNU) ၏ အေထြေထြ အတြင္းေရးမႉး လုပ္ႀကံခံရသည့္ကိစၥတြင္ တရားဝင္ စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆးမႈ တစံုတရာ မရွိသည့္အတြက္ ၿဗိတိသွ် အစိုးရက တိုက္ရိုက္ ဝင္ေရာက္ စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆး၍ တရားခံမ်ားကို ေဖၚထုတ္ေပးပါရန္ ၿဗိတိသွ် ပါလီမန္အမတ္မ်ားက ၿဗိတိသွ်အစိုးရ ကို ေတာင္းဆိုလိုက္ၾကျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။
“ၿဗိတိသွ် ပါလီမန္အမတ္ေတြ ခုလို ေတာင္းဆိုတာကို က်မတို႔ ႀကဳိဆိုပါတယ္။ ဒါက်မတို႔ကို စိတ္ဓါတ္အရ အားေပး ေထာက္ခံရံုသာမက တရားမွ်တမႈအတြက္ တိုက္ပြဲဝင္တာလဲ ျဖစ္လုိ႔ပါ” ဟု ေလာေလာဆယ္ ယူေကႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ေရာက္ရွိေနသည့္ မန္းရွာ၏ သမီးျဖစ္သူ ဇုိယာဖန္း က မဇၩိမကို ေျပာၾကားသြားပါသည္။
အမည္မသိ ေသနတ္သမား ၂ ဦးက မဲေဆာက္ၿမ့ဳိရွိ သူ၏ ေနအိမ္တြင္ ေဖေဖၚဝါရီလ ၁၄ ရက္ေန႔က မန္းရွာလဖန္ ကို ပစ္ခတ္ သတ္ျဖတ္သြားခဲ့ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။
“ဒါ ဗမာစစ္အစိုးရ လက္ခ်က္ဆိုတာ က်မတို႔သိေပမယ့္ တရားဝင္ ဘာမွ ထုတ္ျပန္ ေၾကညာတာ မရွိလို႔ က်မတို႔ ဝမ္းနည္း ရပါတယ္” ဟု ဇိုယာ က ေျပာသြားပါသည္။
ဤသို႔ အၾကမ္းဘက္ လုပ္ရပ္မ်ားကို စီစဥ္ က်ဴးလြန္ခဲ့ျခင္း အတြက္လည္း ၿဗိတိသွ် ပါလီမန္ အမတ္မ်ားက ျမန္မာစစ္အစိုးရကို ျပစ္တင္ ရႈတ္ခ်လိုက္သည္။ ဤကိစၥအတြက္ အေရးယူရန္ႏွင့္ ကရင္ႏွင့္ အျခား တိုင္းရင္းသား အရပ္သားမ်ားကို တိုက္ခိုက္ေနျခင္းအားလည္း ရပ္တန္႔ေပးပါရန္ ၿဗိတိသွ်အစိုးရကို သူတို႔က တိုက္တြန္း ေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့ၾကသည္။
သူ၏ မၿပီးဆံုးေသးေသာ အလုပ္မ်ားကို ဆက္လက္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ရန္ႏွင့္ သူမတို႔၏ ဖခင္ကို သတိတရ ဂုဏ္ျပဳသည့္ အေနႏွင့္ သူမ၏ အကို ၂ ဦး၊ ညီမတဦးတို႔ႏွင့္အတူ “ဖန္းေဖာင္ေဒးရွင္း” တရပ္ ထူေထာင္ထားရွိေၾကာင္း ေျပာဆိုခဲ့ပါသည္။
“ဒီေဖာင္ေဒးရွင္းကေန ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးေတြရဲ့ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈကို ထိန္းသိမ္းဘို႔နဲ႔ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးေတြရဲ့ ပညာေရးကိုအကူအညီ ေပးဘို႔ လုပ္သြားမွာပါ” ဟု ဇုိယာ က ေျပာသြားပါသည္။
ကိုယ္ပိုင္ျပဌာန္းခြင့္အတြက္ ရာစုႏွစ္တဝက္ေက်ာ္ တိုက္ပြဲဝင္ေနသည့္ (KNU) ၏ အေထြေထြ အတြင္းေရးမႉးအျဖစ္ ၂ဝဝ၆ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာလတြင္ ဖဒိုမန္းရွာ ေရြးေကာက္ တင္ေျမႇာက္ခံခဲ့ရသည္။
၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ရန္ကုန္တကၠသိုလ္မွ သမိုင္းအဓိကျဖင့္ ဘြဲ႔ရရွိကာ ခ်က္ခ်င္းလိုပင္ ေတာတြင္းရွိ ကရင္လႈပ္ရွားမႈတြင္ ပူးေပါင္း လက္တြဲပါဝင္ခဲ့သည္။
တိုင္းရင္းသားမ်ားႏွင့္ ျမန္မာလူမ်ဳိး မဟာမိတ္မ်ား အားလံုးက ေလးစားခံရသူတဦး ျဖစ္ၿပီး စစ္အစိုးရကလည္း KNU ၏ ေတာင့္တင္းခိုင္မာေသာ ေခါင္းေဆာင္တဦးအျဖစ္ သူ႔ကိုရႈျမင္သည္။
ကြယ္လြန္ခ်ိန္တြင္ သူသည္ အသက္ (၆၄) ႏွစ္ရွိၿပီ ျဖစ္သည္။
ပၡိင္.ေဖ္ွလင့္လ်ာ.သာ္
လု္ဏီယို္၀္ခဲြါကြင္ပညာ့ဟွာင္.ကုံလြာဲမာ၀ုံးပု္ခိင္.စုိ၀္ေ၀့ အ္ွသီရိလကၤာမာေလာဟ္ပညာနာဲခု္မီ့သယ္ အု္ဟွင္း လု္ပါးဏ္ွ ($200)ေဆ၀္လ္ွ။
ခဲါြကြင္ပညာ့ဟွာင္.ကု္လာဲြယုိ၀္ ပၱံင္ထ၀ယ္ ေဏ၀္ေ၀့(၄)ဏိင္းယုဂ္ေဆ၀္လ္ွ။
ဆု္ပု္ေယာတ္ဏ္ွ အ္ွခါန္.ပု္ညာ.မာေလာဟ္ပညာ့ ပု္ဖုဳံသင့္ခု္မီ့သယ္လု္ဖး ေ၀့သုိ၀္
မာေလာဟ္ပညာ့ဟွာင္.မု္ဍဳဂ္ပါင္သုိ၀္ ထြာမာ၀ုံးဆုိင္ေ၀့ေဆ၀္လ္ွ။
ခဲြါကြင္ဆု္ပု္ေယာတ္ယုဂ္ထ၀့္ဍဳဂ္ပါင္လာ.ေ၀့ဟွံင္ ပု္ဖုဳံဆုိဒ္သာသီ့ဃွီ႔လာထ၀့္ေျပ ခဲြါကြင္
လု္ဖုဳံးုယုိ၀္သုိ၀္ ပု္ဖုဳံယွင္ဆုိဒ္ေဖါဟ္မူ.ထင္းမူႏုဂ္လုက္ဆိင့္ အ္ွဃွဴ႕ဃွင္သု္မ၀့္ယိက္ထ၀့္လာ.ေ၀့
ေ၀့ခဲါြကြင္ဟွဳင္.ခုိင့္လု္ဖုဳံယုိ၀္ဆာ္။
Wednesday, July 16, 2008
သုဂ္ေခါဟ္ပု္ေဍာဟ္မန္းရွာ(or)ပု္ဖုဳံသာ၀ံင္ေခါဟ္ကု္ဳလင္မာ.လု္ဟွာ
ဖဒိုမန္းရွာ လုပ္ၾကံခံလိုက္ရတယ္ၾကားေတာ့ အေတာ္ ေၾကကြဲမိတယ္။ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးေတြအတြက္ သာမက က်ေနာ္တို႔ႏိုင္ငံအတြက္လည္း အခြင့္အေရးေတြ လက္လြတ္သလို ခံစားရပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ္တို႔ႏိုင္ငံမွာ လြတ္လပ္ေရးစတင္ခ်ိန္ကစလို႔ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ႀကီး ဆင္ႏႊဲလာခဲ့ရတာ ႏွစ္ ၆၀ ရွိေတာ့မယ္။ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသား အစည္းအရံုး (ေကအန္ယူ) ဆိုတာလည္း လက္နက္ကိုင္ တိုက္ပြဲ၀င္လာရတာ ႏွစ္ ၆၀ ရွိေတာ့မယ္။ ဒီေလာက္ ရွည္ၾကာတဲ့ စစ္ပြဲအတြင္းမွာ အက်အဆံုး၊ အဆံုး အ႐ႈံးေတြလည္း မနည္းလွဘူး။ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြ အပါအ၀င္ ျပည္သူေတြလည္း အသက္အိုးအိမ္ ပ်က္စီးဆံုး႐ႈံးရတာေတြ ဒုနဲ႔ေဒးပါ။
မန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရက ထုတ္ေ၀တဲ့ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ ဦးႏုမွ ျပည္ေထာင္စုအစိုးရသို႔ တင္သြင္းတဲ့ အစီရင္ခံစာ (မျပည့္စံု ေလွ်ာ့နည္းေနတယ္လို႔ ယူဆရတဲ့ စာရင္းေတြအရပဲ) ၁၉၅၅ ခုႏွစ္ အစီရင္ခံစာတင္တဲ့ ကာလအတြင္းမွာပင္ အစိုးရစစ္သားမ်ားအပါအ၀င္ လူေပါင္း (၅,၆၉၃) ဦး ေသဆံုးခဲ့ရၿပီး၊ အရပ္သား ေသဆံုးရမႈ (၂၂,၀၇၇) ရွိတယ္လို႔ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ဒီစာရင္းမွာ သူပုန္ဖက္က အရပ္သား ေသဆံုးရမႈေတြ မပါ၀င္ေသးပါ။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွာ လြတ္လပ္ေရးရၿပီး ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ စတင္ခဲ့တဲ့ ၂-ႏွစ္ကာလအတြင္းမွာပင္ လူေပါင္း (၆၀,၀၀၀) ေသဆံုးခဲ့ရၿပီး၊ လူတသန္းေက်ာ္ အိုးအိမ္မဲ့ ျဖစ္ခဲ့တယ္လို႔ အစီရင္ခံစာမွာ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ဖူးပါတယ္။ ဒါ့အျပင္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေစာေမာင္ အာဏာ ရွိစဥ္ကလည္း ၁၉၈၈ ခုႏွစ္၊ စစ္အာဏာ သိမ္းၿပီးကာလ ေနာက္ပိုင္း ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ပြဲအတြင္း က်ဆံုးရသူ တပ္မေတာ္သားအေရအတြက္၊ ဒဏ္ရာရသူႏွင့္ သူပုန္ အက်အဆံုး စာရင္းကို “တပ္မေတာ္သမိုင္း” ျပဳစုရင္း အတြဲတခုမွာ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ဖူးပါတယ္။ အသင့္ရွိမေနတဲ့အတြက္ေၾကာင့္ က်ေနာ္ အတိအက် မေဖာ္ျပႏိုင္ပါဘူး။ ေသခ်ာတာကေတာ့ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ ရွည္ၾကာျပင္းထန္တဲ့ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္မွာ တိုင္းျပည္လည္း ခ်ဳံးခ်ဳံးက်၊ လူေတြ၊ အသက္အိုးအိမ္ စည္းစိမ္ေတြ မ်ားစြာ ဆံုး႐ႈံးခဲ့ၾကရတာကေတာ့ အေသအခ်ာပါပဲ။
တိုင္းရင္းသား ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြနဲ႔ က်ေနာ္ ဆက္ဆံလာခဲ့ရတဲ့ အေတြ႔အၾကံဳအရ သူတို႔ကလည္း ဒီစစ္ကို ဒီထက္ျမႇင့္ၿပီး မီး ဟုန္းဟုန္းေတာက္ေအာင္ မတိုက္ခ်င္ၾကေတာ့ပါဘူး။ သူတို႔လူမ်ဳိးေတြအတြက္ ထိုက္သင့္တဲ့ အခြင့္အေရးေတြ ရခဲ့ရင္ ေက်လည္ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းဖို႔ အသင့္ ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ ေကအန္ယူအပါအ၀င္ အခ်ဳိ႕အဖြဲ႔အစည္းေတြဟာ ယခင္က သီးျခား လြတ္လပ္ေရးကို ေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့ၾကေသာ္လည္း ဒီလို ေႂကြးေၾကာ္သံမ်ဳိးကို ျပန္႐ုပ္သိမ္းခဲ့တာ ၾကာပါၿပီ။ အခ်ဳိ႕တိုင္းရင္းသား ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြဆိုရင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွာ စစ္မွန္တဲ့ ျပည္နယ္ေပါင္းစု ျပည္ေထာင္စု (ဖက္ဒရယ္စနစ္)ကို သြားလိုတယ္။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္း ဒီကိစၥေတြ အတြက္ အျပန္အလွန္ ကတိက၀တ္ေတြ ျပဳၾကၿပီး ေရရွည္ ဆက္လက္ တည္ေဆာက္သြားရမယ့္ လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္သေဘာ ဆိုတာမ်ဳိးအထိ ျမင္ထားၾကပါတယ္။
သို႔ေသာ္လည္း ၀မ္းနည္းဖြယ္ရာ အေျခအေနက ဒီလို အေတြ႔အၾကံဳမ်ား၊ အေမွ်ာ္အျမင္ႀကီးတဲ့ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြ တေယာက္ၿပီး တေယာက္ ဆံုးပါးေနၾကရတာပါပဲ။ သူတို႔ရွိစဥ္မွာ ေျပလည္မႈ ရႏိုင္ခဲ့ရင္ ပိုမိုအက်ဳိးမ်ားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ သူတို႔က ေရွ႕မွီေနာက္မီွ တြက္ခ်က္ႏိုင္မႈ ရွိသလို၊ အဖြဲ႔အေပၚလည္း ၾသဇာ ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ ဒီေတာ္လွန္ေရးကို သူတို႔က စတင္လာခဲ့ေတာ့ သူတို႔ကပဲ နိဂံုးခ်ဳပ္ေပးလိုခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္း စစ္အစိုးရက ဒီအေျခအေနေတြကို မျမင္ခဲ့ပါဘူး။ အပစ္အခတ္ရပ္ အဖြဲ႔ေတြကိုလည္း သေဘာထားမွန္မွန္နဲ႔ ဆက္ဆံတာမ်ဳိး မေတြ႔ရသလို၊ တိုင္းရင္းသားေတြၾကားထဲမွာေတာင္ ေသြးခြဲအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးမူကို သံုးလို႔ ဆက္လက္ သပ္လွ်ဳိေနပါေသးတယ္။ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးေတြမွာ ၾကည့္ရင္ေတာင္ ကရင္နဲ႔ ဒီေကဘီေအ၊ အျခား ကရင္အုပ္စုငယ္ေတြကို အသီးသီး ဖဲ့ထုတ္ၿပီး ႏိုင္ငံေရးအရ ေသြးခြဲအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရး၊ စစ္ေရးအရ အသာရေရးကို ဆက္လုပ္ေနၾကတုန္းပါပဲ။ အဆိုး ဆံုးကေတာ့ ယခု ဖဒိုမန္းရွာကို လုပ္ၾကံတဲ့ ႐ုပ္ဆိုးအက်ည္းတန္တဲ့ ကိစၥမ်ဳိးေတြအထိ ျဖစ္လာခဲ့ပါတယ္။
.......... ........... ..............
ဖဒိုကို က်ေနာ္ စေတြ႔ဖူးတာကေတာ့ မာနယ္ပေလာမွာပါ။ က်ေနာ္တို႔က မာနယ္ပေလာ ေျမာက္ဖက္ တဖက္စြန္းမွာ စခန္းခ်ေနၾကတယ္။ ဖဒိုမန္းရွာတို႔က ေတာင္ဖက္က်တဲ့ အပိုင္းမွာ။ မာနယ္ပေလာဆိုတာက သံလြင္နဲ႔ ေသာင္ရင္းျမစ္ၾကားက ရွည္ေမ်ာေမ်ာ ကၽြန္းဆြယ္ကေလးလို ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ ေနရာပါ။ ဒီေနရာမွာ ေတာင္တန္းျမင့္မားေတြ၊ ေရစီးသန္တဲ့ သံလြင္ျမစ္ေတြက သဘာ၀ အတားအဆီးလို ျဖစ္ေနေတာ့ သဘာ၀အရ အားေကာင္းတဲ့ ခံတပ္ေနရာလို ျဖစ္ေနခဲ့တယ္။
က်ေနာ္ ABSDF မွာ၊ ေအာက္ေျခတပ္မွာ ေခါင္းေဆာင္အျဖစ္ တာ၀န္ယူေတာ့ ဖဒိုမန္းရွာနဲ႔ သိပ္ရင္းႏွီး ဆက္ဆံရမႈ မရွိလွဘူး။ ေက်ာင္းသားတပ္မေတာ္ တပ္ေတြနဲ႔ ဆက္ဆံဖို႔က ဆက္သြယ္ေရးတပ္က ဗိုလ္မွဴးေခးနီ၊ ဗိုလ္မွဴးေရာဂ်ာ၊ ဗ်ဴဟာမွဴး ဗိုလ္မွဴးႀကီး ေက်ာ့ပိ (ေလာ၀ါဒီ) တို႔နဲ႔ ပိုဆက္ဆံၾကရတယ္။ ဖဒိုမန္းရွာက အဲသည္အခ်ိန္က ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ျမရဲ႕ ကိုယ္ေရးအရာရွိ ဆိုၿပီး သူ႔တာ၀န္က ႏိုင္ငံေရးအဖြဲ႔အစည္းေတြျဖစ္တဲ့ လူ႔ေဘာင္သစ္ ဒီမိုကရက္တစ္ပါတီ၊ NLD-LA၊ ေနာက္ပိုင္း စင္ၿပိဳင္အစိုးရဖြဲ႔ေတာ့ ၫြန္႔ေပါင္းအစိုးရ (NCGUB) တို႔နဲ႔ ပိုဆက္ဆံရတယ္။ အခ်ဳိ႕ အစည္းအေ၀းေတြမွာ ေတြ႔ဆံုရတာေလာက္ပဲ ရွိတယ္။ သတိျပဳမိတာကေတာ့ သူက မလိုအပ္ရင္ စကားသိပ္မေျပာတတ္တာရယ္၊ လိုအပ္လာရင္ ခ်က္က် လက္က် ေလေအးေအးနဲ႔ တဖက္သား နား၀င္ခံသာေအာင္ ေျပာျပႏိုင္တာပါပဲ။ တကယ္ေတာ့ ေၾကညာခ်က္ အေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားမွာ ေနာက္က ဦးေဏွာက္သဖြယ္ ပါ၀င္ခဲ့ရတယ္ ဆိုရင္လည္း မမွားဘူး။
၁၉၉၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္ေလာက္မွာ ေရြးေကာက္ခံအမတ္ေတြ လြတ္ေျမာက္နယ္ေျမ ေရာက္လာၾကတယ္။ အဲသည္အခ်ိန္မွာ မာနယ္ပေလာစာခ်ဳပ္ ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုဖို႔ လုပ္ၾကေတာ့ အႀကိတ္အနယ္ ညိႇႏိႈင္းၾကရတာ ေတြ႔ရတယ္။ အဲသည္အခ်ိန္က ABSDF ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြ ကိုယ္တိုင္ ညဥ့္နက္မိုးခ်ဳပ္မွ ျပန္လာခဲ့ၾကရတာမ်ဳိး ေတြ႔ရတယ္။ သည္ အစည္းအေ၀းေတြမွာလည္း ဖဒိုမန္းရွာက တည္တည္ၿငိမ္ၿငိမ္နဲ႔ အုပ္စုအားလံုး သင့္ျမတ္ေအာင္ ႀကိဳးစားလို႔၊ သူ႔ ညိႇႏိႈ္င္းေဆြးေႏြးေရး အစြမ္းကို ျပႏိုင္ခဲ့တယ္။ စကားလံုး တခုခ်င္းက အစ သူ႔စြမ္းေဆာင္ခ်က္ေတြ မနည္းဘူး။
ဖဒိုမန္းရွာက ခပ္ေအးေအး ႏွိမ့္ႏွိမ့္ခ်ခ်ပဲ ေနတတ္တယ္။ သူက အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးဌာနကသဖြယ္ ျဖစ္ေနေတာ့ စစ္ယူနီေဖာင္းေတြ ဘာေတြနဲ႔လည္း သိပ္ မေတြ႔ရပါဘူး။ စစ္အက်ႌအႏြမ္းနဲ႔ ပုဆိုးနဲ႔ ၀တ္တာမ်ဳိးေတာ့ ေတြ႔ရတတ္တယ္။ ေနာက္ပိုင္းေတာ့ ရင္းႏွီးလာပါတယ္။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္း က်ေနာ္တို႔က အလုပ္မရွိရင္လည္း သူ မအားမွန္းသိေတာ့ သူ႔အိမ္ကို သိပ္မေရာက္ျဖစ္ၾကဘူး။ တခါတေလေတာ့ ေရာက္တယ္။ က်ေနာ္က တခါတေလ “ဖဒို”လို႔ ေခၚေလ့ရွိသလို၊ တခါတေလလည္း “ဆရာ”လို႔ပဲ လြယ္လြယ္ ေခၚမိပါတယ္။
ဖဒိုမန္းရွာက အႏုပညာရွိသူလို႔ ေျပာရင္လည္း မမွားဘူး။ “ေရဆန္” ဆိုတဲ့ ကေလာင္နာမည္နဲ႔ ေဆာင္းပါးေတြ ဘာေတြေတာ့ ေရးတယ္။ ကဗ်ာေတြ ဘာေတြ ေရးတာေတာ့ မေတြ႔ဖူးပါဘူး။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္း ကဗ်ာဆန္တယ္လို႔ ေျပာရတာက သူ ေတာထဲမွာ ေဆာက္ထားတတ္တဲ့ အိမ္အလွကေလးေတြေၾကာင့္ပါ။ အိမ္ေဆာက္ရင္ ေရြးတဲ့ေနရာက ခြင္က်တယ္။ ရသမွ် သစ္၀ါးကိုပဲ အားျပဳလို႔ အိမ္ကို အလွဆံုးျဖစ္ေအာင္ ေဆာက္တတ္တယ္။ ၿပီးေတာ့ စားပင္ သီးပင္ေတြ၊ ပန္းပင္ေတြကို အိမ္မွာ သာယာဖြယ္ ျဖစ္ေအာင္ အက်အန စိုက္ထားတတ္တယ္။ ေျမေပါက္တဲ့ ပန္းေရာင္စံုကေလးေတြ ရွိသလို၊ ဆိုင္းတြဲနဲ႔ ခ်ိတ္ထားတဲ့ ေတာသစ္ခြမ်ဳိးစံုလည္း ရွိတတ္တယ္။
က်ေနာ္မွတ္မိေနတဲ့ သူ႔အိမ္ကေလးက မယ္တုကီြေခ်ာင္းကေလးနားက သူ႔အိမ္ေလးပါ။ က်ေနာ္တို႔က ကဗ်ာဆန္တဲ့ အိမ္ကေလးလို႔ေတာင္ ေခၚပါတယ္။ အနားမွာေတာ့ ဒီေအဘီ႐ံုးစိုက္ရာကုန္း၊ ေရအားလွ်ပ္စစ္ထုတ္တဲ့ စက္ကေလး၊ လူ႔ေဘာင္သစ္႐ံုးနဲ႔ NLD-LA ဌာနခ်ဳပ္ ႐ံုးစိုက္ၿပီးေနာက္ပိုင္း “ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္လမ္း” လို႔ အမည္ေျပာင္းေပးထားတဲ့ လမ္းကေလး၊ ဆရာေတာ္ ဦးေခမာစာရ သီတင္းသံုးရာ ရဟန္းပ်ဳိေက်ာင္းတို႔ ရွိပါတယ္။ သူ႔အိမ္ကေလးကေတာ့ ေသာင္ရင္းျမစ္ကို ေမးတင္ေနၿပီး၊ ေခ်ာင္က်က် ခပ္ဆိပ္ၿငိမ္ၿငိမ္ တည္ရွိေနပါတယ္။
တခါတေလ က်ေနာ္တို႔ေရာက္လာရင္ သူ႔ဇနီးက ရွိတာနဲ႔ ထမင္း ထုတ္ေကၽြးတတ္ပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ္က နာမည္ မမွတ္မိေတာ့ဘူး။ ေတြ႔ရင္လည္း လြယ္လြယ္ အေမ (အမိုး) လုိ႔ပဲ ေခၚၾကတယ္။ သူက ဗမာစကား သိပ္မရည္လည္ေသာ္လည္း အားလံုးကို ေဖာ္ေဖာ္ေရြေရြ ဆက္ဆံတတ္ပါတယ္။ ပဲခူး႐ိုးမနဲ႔ ေကအန္ယူ တပ္မဟာ (၃) ေဒသမွာေနစဥ္ သူတို႔ ခက္ခဲပင္ပန္းရပံုေတြ၊ ထိုးစစ္ကာလေတြမွာ ေျပးလႊားေနၾကရၿပီး အတည္တက် မေနခဲ့ၾကရတဲ့ အေတြ႔အၾကံဳေတြကိုလည္း ျပန္ေျပာျပတတ္ပါတယ္။ သူကလည္း တကယ့္ ပါရမီျဖည့္ဖက္လို႔ ေျပာရမယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သိပ္မေျပာေပမယ့္ အမာခံ ရဲရဲေတာက္ပါပဲ။ သူက ဖဒိုထက္အရင္ မႏွစ္က ကင္ဆာေရာဂါနဲ႔ ဆံုးပါးသြားခဲ့ပါတယ္။
ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာေတာ့ သူ႔ကို က်ေနာ္ ဆက္ဆံရတာက ABSDF ညီၫြတ္ေရး ၿပိဳကြဲစဥ္ကာလမွာပါ။ သည္အခ်ိန္မွာလည္း က်ေနာ္တို႔ ျပန္ေပါင္းစည္းေရးျဖစ္ဖို႔ သူအစြမ္းကုန္ ႀကိဳးစားေပးခဲ့တယ္။ အသိအမွတ္ မျပဳဘဲ ေနလို႔မရႏိုင္တဲ့အထိ သူ ႀကိဳးစားေပးခဲ့ပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ္တို႔က ႏွစ္ဖြဲ႔ကြဲေနၾကေတာ့ ကိုယ္ေကာင္းတယ္၊ သူမေကာင္း ဇြတ္ေပျငင္းေနတာမ်ဳိးလည္း ရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သူက တကယ္တိုက္တာမဟုတ္၊ ကိုယ္က ပိုရဲရဲေတာက္ ဆိုတာမ်ဳိးေတြလည္း ေျပာခဲ့မိၾကပါတယ္။ ဖဒို ကေတာ့ သူတို႔အရင္ က KNU/ KNUP အကြဲအၿပဲ ကာလအေတြ႔အၾကံဳေတြ၊ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးထဲမွာ ထားၾကရမယ့္ သေဘာထားေတြနဲ႔ သိမ္သိမ္ေမြ႔ေမြ႔ ရွင္းျပတတ္ပါတယ္။
၁၉၉၆ ခုႏွစ္မွာ ABSDF ျပန္လည္ ေပါင္းစည္းေရး ညီလာခံကို ထီးကပလယ္ စခန္းမွာ လုပ္ေတာ့ သူေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ မိန္႔ခြန္းကို က်ေနာ္ အမွတ္ရ ေနပါေသးတယ္။ “လင္းယုန္ဆိုတာ ျမင့္ျမင့္ပ်ံတဲ့အခ်ိန္ ရွိသလို၊ နိမ့္နိမ့္ ပ်ံရတဲ့အခ်ိန္လည္း ရွိတယ္” တဲ့။ သူဆိုလိုတာက ေပါင္းစည္းေရးလုပ္လို႔ အခ်ဳိ႕ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေနရာ အေျပာင္းအလဲ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ရင္၊ ညီၫြတ္ေရးၾကည့္ၿပီး အနစ္နာခံရသူေတြလည္း ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒီလူေတြကို အားေပးတာပါ။ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးဟာ ေရရွည္သြားရမယ့္သေဘာနဲ႔ ကိုယ္နိမ့္ေနတဲ့ ကာလမွာလည္း စိတ္ရွည္ရွည္ထား ႀကိဳးႀကိဳးကုတ္ကုတ္လုပ္ဖို႔ သူက အၾကံေပးခဲ့တာပါ။
အဲသည္အခ်ိန္က ထီးကပလယ္စခန္းက ေကအန္ယူ ယာယီဌာနခ်ဳပ္ လုပ္ထားတဲ့ ေနရာပါ။ အဲသည္မွာလည္း သူ႔အိမ္ကေလး (တဲကေလးဆိုရင္ေတာ့ ပိုမွန္ပါလိမ့္မယ္) က သပ္သပ္ယပ္ယပ္၊ ကဗ်ာဆန္ဆန္ပါပဲ။ သူနဲ႔ အတူေနတဲ့ ရဲေဘာ္တေယာက္နဲ႔လည္း က်ေနာ္ စကားေျပာရေသးတယ္။ ဒီလူက ကရင္လူမ်ဳိး၊ အိႏၵိယႏိုင္ငံက တကၠသိုလ္တခုမွာ လံုျခံဳေရး ဆိုင္ရာ ဗ်ဴဟာ ေလ့လာမႈပညာ မဟာဘြဲ႔ (security studies) ေလ့လာၿပီး ျပန္လာသူ၊ ဒါေပမယ့္ ထင္းခြဲေနတာ၊ ထမင္း ခ်က္ေနတာ ေတြ႔ရတယ္။ ဒါကိုေတာ့လည္း က်ေနာ္ သေဘာမေတြ႔ႏိုင္ခဲ့ဘူး။ က်ေနာ္ျမင္တာကေတာ့ ဒီလိုလူမ်ဳိးေတြကို ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ သူတို႔ တန္ဖိုးရွိတဲ့အတိုင္း အသံုးခ်သင့္တယ္ ထင္တာကိုး။ ေနာက္ပိုင္းေတာ့ ဒီလူငယ္ ဘာျဖစ္သြားမွန္း က်ေနာ္မသိေတာ့ပါဘူး။ ျပန္မေတြ႔ျဖစ္ဘူး။
ဒါတင္မကပါဘူး။ က်ေနာ္နဲ႔သူ သေဘာမတူခဲ့တဲ့ အျခားအခ်က္ေတြလည္း ရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ္တို႔က ငယ္ရြယ္ခ်ိန္၊ စစ္ေသြး ႂကြလြန္းေနခ်ိန္မွာ ခ်င့္ခ်င့္ခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္သူ႔သေဘာကို တခါတေလလည္း သေဘာမေတြ႔မိဘူး။ တခါတေလလည္း ဒီလို ျပဳျပင္ ေျပာင္းလဲမႈေတြ လုပ္ရင္ ရရဲ႕သားနဲ႔ ဘာျဖစ္လို႔ ေကအန္ယူမွာ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈေတြ မလုပ္ႏိုင္ရတာလဲ။ ...ဒီလို လုပ္သင့္တယ္၊ ဟိုလို လုပ္သင့္တယ္။ သူက အင္အားႀကီးတဲ့ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးတပ္ဖြဲ႔ ေကအန္ယူ အေထြေထြအတြင္းေရးမွဴး အေနနဲ႔ ဒီလိုမ်ဳိး ဦးေဆာင္ၿပီး ဘယ္လို စတင္ လုပ္သင့္တယ္... စသျဖင့္ ျမင္ခဲ့မိၾကတာလည္း ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အဲသည္ အခ်ိန္က အဖြဲ႔ အစည္းရဲ႕ အကန္႔အသတ္ေတြ၊ အျခား မျမင္သာတဲ့ အကန္႔အသတ္ေတြကိုလည္း ထည့္မစဥ္းစားမိခဲ့ၾကပါဘူး။
ဖဒိုမန္းရွာ ဘ၀မွာ မေအာင္ျမင္မႈေတြ၊ မျပည့္၀ခဲ့တဲ့ အိပ္မက္ေတြလည္း ရွိခဲ့လိမ့္မယ္။ အဖြဲ႔အစည္းဆိုတာကလည္း လူအမ်ားနဲ႔ လုပ္ၾကရတဲ့သေဘာ၊ ကိုယ္ျဖစ္ခ်င္တိုင္း မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေတာ့လည္း ခက္သားလား။ သူရဲ႕ မျပည့္၀ခဲ့တဲ့ အႀကီးမားဆံုး အိပ္မက္ကေတာ့ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားေတြအတြက္ စြမ္းေဆာင္ေပးခ်င္တဲ့ လြတ္လပ္မႈနဲ႔ ဂုဏ္သိကၡာပဲ ျဖစ္ပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ေခတ္မီ တိုးတက္တဲ့၊ လြတ္လပ္ အမွီအခိုကင္းတဲ့၊ ဒီမိုကေရစီ အခြင့္အေရးေတြ ျပည့္၀ၿပီး လူမ်ဳိးေပါင္းစံု သဟဇာတ ေနထိုင္ႏိုင္ၾကမယ့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသစ္လည္း ပါပါလိမ့္မယ္။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္း အျခားကိစၥေတြမွာလည္း သူ စိတ္လက္ မခ်မ္းသာ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္တာကို က်ေနာ္ ေတြးမိေသးတယ္။ ဥပမာ- ေကအန္ယူကေန ဗုဒၶဘာသာ တပ္ဖြဲ႔၀င္ေတြ ဒီေကဘီေအ (DKBA)အျဖစ္ ခြဲထြက္ သြားၾကတဲ့ အကြဲ၊ ေနာက္ပိုင္း ကရင္တိုင္းရင္းသား အခ်င္းခ်င္း လက္နက္ကိုင္ ပဋိပကၡ အဆင့္ ေရာက္ၾကရတဲ့အထိ ေသြးေခ်ာင္းစီး ျပႆနာ ေျဖရွင္း ၾကရတာေတြ၊ ေနာက္တခုက ေတာ္လွန္ေရးရဲ႕ ဌာနခ်ဳပ္လို႔ ဆိုႏိုင္တဲ့ မာနယ္ပေလာ က်ဆံုးခန္းပဲ။ ဒီေကဘီေအ အကြဲ ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာ ဆက္တိုက္ဆိုသလိုပဲ မာနယ္ပေလာလည္း က်သြားတယ္။ တကယ္ေတာ့ ေရွ႔တန္း မဲေညာခီးေတာင္တန္းမွာ ရံထားတဲ့ ရဲေဘာ္ေတြက ဗုဒၶဘာသာတပ္ဖြဲ႔၀င္ေတြ အကြဲေနာက္ လိုက္သြားေတာ့ မက်လည္း ဘယ္ခံႏိုင္ပါေတာ့မလဲ။ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ျမေရးထားတဲ့ ကိုယ္ေရးအတၳဳပၸတၱိစာအုပ္မွာ မာနယ္ပေလာက်ရတဲ့ အေၾကာင္းေတြနဲ႔ ပတ္သက္လို႔ အစည္းအေ၀း တခုမွာ ဖဒိုမန္းရွာက သူ႔ကို ျပင္းျပင္းထန္ထန္ ေ၀ဖန္ခဲ့ပံုေတြကိုလည္း ဖတ္ရေသးတယ္။
ဒါတင္မကဘူး။ အစုအၿပံဳလိုက္ ထြက္ေျပးေနၾကရတဲ့ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိး ဒုကၡသည္ေတြ၊ ျပည္တြင္းမွာပဲ ဟိုသည္ပုန္း ေျပးလႊားေန ၾကရတဲ့ ကရင္ရြာပုန္းေတြ၊ ျပည္တြင္း ဒုကၡသည္ (internally displaced person)ေတြကို ျမင္ရ ၾကားရေနတာအတြက္ေၾကာင့္လည္း သူ ေၾကကြဲ ၀မ္းနည္းေနႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ့္မိတ္ေဆြ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးျဖစ္တဲ့ ကိုေစာကပိက ေျပာဖူးတယ္။ အခုတႀကိမ္ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးေတြ ေျပာင္းေရႊ႔ထြက္ေျပးေနၾကရတာဟာ၊ (migrate) လုပ္ေနၾကရတာဟာ ျမန္မာဆိုတဲ့ ေျမျပန္႔လြင္ျပင္ထဲကို ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးေတြ မြန္ဂိုကုန္းေျမျမင့္ကေန ေျပာင္းေရႊ႔အေျခခ်လာမႈၿပီးရင္ ဒုတိယအႀကိမ္ေျမာက္ အႀကီးဆံုး အစုအျပံဳလိုက္ ေရႊ႔ေျပာင္းရမႈႀကီး (exodus) ပဲလို႔ ေျပာဖူးပါတယ္။ တြက္ခ်က္ၾကည့္မယ္ဆိုရင္ ျဖစ္လည္း ျဖစ္ေလာက္ပါတယ္။ ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ နယ္စပ္ ဒုကၡသည္စခန္းေတြမွာ ေနထိုင္ေနၾကရတဲ့ ကရင္ဒုကၡသည္ေတြက သိန္းေက်ာ္ ရွိေနပါတယ္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံထဲမွာ အိုးအိမ္စြန္႔ပစ္ ထြက္ေျပးေနၾကရသူေတြက ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ အေရွ႕ပိုင္းေဒသေတြမွာ (၅၀၀,၀၀၀) ေက်ာ္ ရွိေနတယ္လို႔ အကူအညီေပးေရး အဖြဲ႔ေတြက ခန္႔မွန္းထားၾကပါတယ္။ ဒီအထဲမွာ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးေတြလည္း အမ်ားအျပား ပါ၀င္ေနပါတယ္။
ဖဒိုမန္းရွာကေတာ့ သည္လူေတြရဲ႕ ဒုကၡကိုလည္းေတြးလို႔ သူ႔မ်က္ႏွာမွာ မိႈင္းညိဳ႕ေနလိမ့္မယ္။ အခုေတာ့ သည္လူေတြကိုလည္း ထားလို႔ တမလြန္ကို သူခရီးမထြက္ခ်င္ေသးဘဲ ထြက္သြားခဲ့ရၿပီ။ ဒီဒုကၡ အစုအပံုထဲကသူေတြကို သူ ထားခဲ့ရၿပီ။ တဗိုလ္က် တဗိုလ္တက္ ေနာက္လူေတြက သူ႔တာ၀န္ေတြ ဆက္ထမ္းပိုးၾကလိမ့္မယ္ ဆိုတာ က်ေနာ္ သံသယမျဖစ္မိပါဘူး။
က်ေနာ္ကေတာ့ ဒီစာေလးကို သူ႔ရဲ႕ေနာက္ဆံုးအခ်ိန္ကို ဂုဏ္ျပဳခ်င္တဲ့ စိတ္နဲ႔ ေရးမိပါတယ္။ သူက ဘ၀မွာ အနိမ့္ခ်ဆံုး ေနထိုင္ခဲ့ေပမယ့္ သူက အျမင့္ဆံုး ပ်ံသန္းသြားခဲ့တယ္။ လူေတြကေတာ့ သူ႔ရဲ႕ သူရဲေကာင္းဆန္ဆန္ (legendary) ဇာတ္လမ္းကို အမွတ္ရေနၾကပါလိမ့္မယ္။
(မူရင္း - http://yaw-han-aung.blogspot.com/2008/02/blog-post_1303.html
Fla. cancer survivor wins dream wedding
TAMPA, Fla. - A Tampa bride-to-be who defied doctors' expectations after being told she had a year to live four years ago has celebrated another victory — she and her fiancee won a $100,000 dream wedding.
ADVERTISEMENT
Courtney Dempsey, 33, and Gary Courtney, 37, were among 40,000 couples who entered US Magazine's wedding contest. The prize includes a dress and honeymoon.
"We're beyond thrilled. We're actually in a state of shock right now," Dempsey said Tuesday.
Dempsey was diagnosed with late-stage melanoma four years ago and doctors told her she had less than a year to live. She survived beyond that and began dating Courtney. But soon after, doctors said she needed a double mastectomy.
Courtney asked Dempsey to move in with him so he could help her recover.
Now the couple is planning a September wedding.
As for her married name, Dempsey says she'll follow tradition and take her groom's name, meaning she'll go by Courtney Courtney.
"I love it," she said. "I'm in sales. No one will ever forget my name."
I lost the best years of my life'
Fifteen Italian officials have been convicted of mistreating protesters during the 2001 G8 summit in Genoa.
Mark Covell was one of five British anti-globalisation protesters who was injured and has been seeking justice ever since.
"This was not just giving a few hippies a slap around, this was systematic," Mr Covell said.
A journalist with alternative media organisation Indymedia at the time, he was present when police raided a high school where protesters were camping during the summit.
He was left with eight broken ribs, a shredded lung, a broken hand, 16 missing teeth and was in a coma for two days.
While he was on a life-support machine in hospital, 81 others were arrested and taken to a temporary prison camp outside Genoa, at Bolzaneto. The police chief tried, and failed, to take him too.
'Mixed result'
Here they were threatened, beaten and insulted. The prosecution said they were tortured.
On Monday, after 11 hours of deliberations, judges convicted 15 people of charges ranging from assault to denial of basic human rights. Thirty others were cleared.
he stiffest sentence was handed to camp commander Antonio Gugliotta who was given five years, while the others received between five to 28 months.
Speaking from Italy, Mr Covell told the BBC News website: "It's a mixed result for us. Obviously we would have liked a larger amount of police officers to be convicted.
"But when we started people said we had a one million to one chance of reaching today."
The judge said there was "no doubt" a serious crime had taken place at Bolzaneto and there had clearly been mental and physical suffering inflicted without any justification.
"He said he wanted to impose much longer sentences of 10 years for some of the defendants and what they did. But there is no law on torture here," said Mr Covell.
'Condemned and disowned'
The victims will receive compensation, the judge ordered emergency payment of 10,000 euros to each victim and a total of 15m euros will be paid to victims in the long term.
Now 40, Mr Covell says that is small comfort.
"The money is good, but you can never recover from something like this. I have lost the best years of my life with what happened on 21 July," he said.
"We have spent seven years fighting these cases. I will die 10 years younger than I should because of the physical damage to me. All of us have huge issues with post-traumatic stress disorder.
"We have been forgotten about. We were condemned and disowned by our own governments around Europe."
The fight for justice continues. A second trial over the police raid at the Diaz school is ongoing.
They also plan to take the case to the European Court of human rights, where the defendants can be prosecuted under torture law.
"We want the Italian government to bring in new torture law, and a public inquiry. We want to cut the cancer of Fascism from the police, whether we achieve that, I don't know."
But he says he has no regrets about being in Genoa that day.
"I don't think anyone would have realised the Italians would react in such a horrific way. We can only hope something positive can come from it for us and the Italians, " he said.
Sunday, July 13, 2008
Ten Great Activities for Grandparents Day
One of the first holidays of the new school year, Grandparents Day, is observedပဲြေတာ္၊ ေမြးေန႕စသည္ က်င္းပ၊ on second Sunday in September. With all the work to be done at the start of classes, have you had an opportunity to plan your celebration? If not, don't panic!(ေၾကာက္စိတ္၀င္) The Web is your source(အေထာက္အထားစသည္) for grand(ခန္းနား ေကာင္းမြန္ေသာ) ideas for Grandparents Day!
Did you know that 4 million children in 3 million households are being raisedေကၽႊးေမြးျပဳစုေစာင့္ေရွာက္၊ by their grandparents? Would you be surprised to learn that more than 5 million children live in a household with a grandparent present?
It seems that grandmas and grandpas, formerly in the business of "spoiling"အလုိလုိက္ဖ်က္ဆီး၊ အလုိလိုက္ခံရ၍ ပ်က္ဆီး၊ grandchildren, are taking on additional responsibilities that involve raising their children's children.
For all that those grandparents do, we celebrate the accomplishmentsၿပီးေျမာက္ေအာင္ျမင္မႈ၊ and contributionsကူညီေထာက္ပံ့မႈ၊ of our senior citizens on Grandparents Day. How will you mark the occasion? If you haven't made your plans yet, have no fear! The Web comes to your rescueကယ္မ၊ with ten great activities for grateful kids!
PETS BRING KIDS AND SENIORS TOGETHER
Diana B. Wolan, a graduate student at Cornell University, organized a program that brought children together with seniors through unusual mediators.ဖ်န္ေျဖေရးအဖဲြ႕ "The Pet Patrol project was a collaborationပူးတဲြေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း between Cornell Cooperative Extension of Tompkins County, Trumansburg Ulysses Joint Youth Commission, and Trumansburg Central Schools," she explained. "This was an after-school program at Trumansburg Middle School. The students received training from an RSVP [Retired and Senior Volunteer Program] volunteer who helped prepare them for their visit to Lakeside Nursing Home."
Much preparationတင္ႀကိဳျပင္ဆင္မႈ၊ was required before the students made an "official" visit to the nursing home. "Through role-plays and activities, the students learned about the special needs of some of the people they would be visiting," said Wolan. "They toured the facility and became familiar with the routines and procedures of the building. They also received training from SPCA [Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals] staff who bring animals weekly to the nursing home as part of a pet therapyေရာဂါကုထုံး၊ project.စီမံကိန္း၊ လုပ္ငန္းအစီအစဥ္၊ သုေတသနလုပ္ငန္း၊ The students learned about the kinds of animals that make good visitors, how to handle them, and how to approach the seniors with the pets. Some of the young people screened their own pets to see if they would be appropriate.သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာ၊ Following training, the students, adult volunteers, and parents -- and quite a menagerie(ပဲြျပ အိမ္ေမြး) တိရစၦာန္စု of pets -- visited the nursing home."
The visit was rewardingလုပ္ရက်ိဳးနပ္၊ အက်ိဳးေက်းဇူးရွိ၊ for all involved.ပါ၀င္၊ ပတ္သက္၊ The presenceရိွေနျခင္း၊ တက္ေရာက္ျခင္း၊ of the students brightened the day for the residents.ရပ္သူရြာသား၊ ရြာခံ၊ေဒသခံ၊ "Because the SPCA already has a program at this particular nursing home, the seniors expected to see the pets," explained Wolan. "What they didn't expect was the visit from the children. That was a nice surprise for many of them, and the hospital staff carefully steeredထိန္းေက်ာင္း ေမာင္းႏွင္၊ the children toward rooms where the children were able to talk to the seniors. The pets provided a nice icebreaker ေရခဲျပင္ခဲြသေဘၤာ၊ (တင္စား) to start conversations."
"The children were really pleased at how interested some of the seniors were in talking to them about their animals and how comfortable the animals were -- especially the cat that fell asleep on people's laps!" Wolan reported. "One young man said, 'I think it's really sad that they [nursing home residents] have to leave their pets when they come live here.'"
Wolan recommends activities such as this to open the eyes of students to the contributions of senior citizens. "I think it's important for young people to see seniors in many different roles, not just as patients in a nursing home. In this program, youths were trained by senior volunteers who lead very active lives. There are many seniors who have unique skills and interests that can be brought into the classroom. Inviting seniors in to lead an activity, share a hobby, or volunteer are ways for students to interact အျပန္အလွန္အက်ိဳးျပဳ၊ with older people."
TEN WAYS TO CELEBRATE IN 'GRAND' STYLE!
Grandparents Go Back to School. Many schools invite students to bring their grandparents with them to school at least one day during the year. The experience is enjoyable for students, grandparents, and teachers! What can you do once everyone is assembled? One teacher, Cheryl H., submitted an excellent idea for Grandparents Day to the Teachers.Net Lesson Bank. She suggests creating two quizzesဉာဏ္စမ္းပေဟဠိၿပိဳင္ပဲြ၊ -- one for the grandparents and one for your students. On the students' quiz, include questions about terminologyအသုံအႏႈန္းေ၀ါဟာရပညာရပ္၊ from the past. Have your students help you make the grandparents' quiz about terminology from today. Pass out the quizzes on the day of the visit, and discuss the differences in language between the age groups. The answers will keep you in stitches! အူတက္မတတ္၊
If you have students who do not have a grandparent able to attend the activities, invite them to bring a special senior, a neighbor, a relative, a mom, or a dad.
Another suggestion is to hold a grandparents tea. Combine the activity with a lesson on good manners for younger students, and your class will have a chance to show off its best behavior. Older students might enjoy planning a "senior" prom for elderly community members with old songs and memorabilia. အမွတ္တရပစၥည္း။
Grandparent Interview. Put your newshounds to work on a great story -- an interview with a senior citizen! Brainstorm a list of questions with the class, or use Education World's Interview with a Super Senior Teaching Master. More questions can be found at Sample Questions for "Interviewing" Your Grandparents on the official Grandparents Day site. If your students are too young to write the answers on paper, have them tape their interviews. Oral history can be even more effective than written! You will find a primary lesson plan that involves interviewing at Grandparents Day (scroll down to page 18). Incorporate ျဖည့္စြက္ထည့္သြင္း၊ math and science into the activity with Family Fuel Facts Reporter. Find ideas for creating a questionnaire at Developing Relationships with Older People.
Great Greeting Cards. Have your students send a personalized message to their grandparents or other seniors. You will find links to many types of cards that can be made in the classroom at Home-Made Greeting Cards. If your students have grandparents who are on-line, have them send e-mail messages with Blue Mountain's Animated Electronic Greeting Cards for Grandparents Day. Another terrificရင္သပ္ရႈေမာဖြယ္၊ way to show appreciation for seniors is with Worry Stones. Wrap the stones in tissue paper with a special message, and they make adorable, thoughtful gifts! If a card is simply not enough, take the assignment အလုပ္၊တာ၀န္၊ a step farther and have your students write letters expressing their appreciation for the support of their grandparents or other people in their lives.
Mapping Nonna and Opa. Can you say grandma and grandpa in Italian? Use this list of words that kids use for grandparents in other countries as a mapping activity with your class. Print out the World Map, and have your students find the countries and label them on their sheets. Use the outlineပုံၾကမ္း၊ map with older students and a regular map with the countries labeledအမွတ္အသား၊ for younger students. To make the assignment more complex, have your students research the words in an on-line translation dictionary such as iTools (scroll down to Language Tools) to try to determine where they are used. These words refer to grandma and grandpa in the following countries:
• Poland -- Babcia and Dziadek,
• Germany -- Oma and Opa,
• India -- Nana-ji and Nani-ji,
• Korea -- Halmonee and Halabujee,
• Greece -- Ya-ya and Pa-pu,
• Japan -- Oba-chan and Oji-chan,
• China -- Popo and Gong-gong,
• Italy -- Nonna and Nonno,
• Israel -- Savta and Saba,
• Cuba -- Abuelita and Abuelito.
Visit a Nursing Home. Did you know that 60 percent of nursing home residents never have a visitor? Schedule a field trip to a local nursing home, and have your students adoptေမြးစား။ရပ္တည္၊ "grandparents" or "secret pals(မိတ္ေဆြ၊)" to cheer. As a pick-me-up, they may bring handmade Placematsပန္းကန္ျပားခံ၊ for the seniors. (See another placemat idea.) Students and residents may teach one another about hobbies they enjoy or read books and stories together. As a part of this activity, create a Forget-Me-Not
bulletin board (notice-board)for your classroom or school. Be advised that visiting a nursing home may not be appropriate for all students. It is important to remind students that though some seniors require care, many do not, and they lead productive, independent lives.
Family Tree. Grandparents Day is the perfect time for students to study their family trees. Family Tree Chart and My Family Tree will help your students organize their relatives to illustrate their ancestral ဘုိးဘြားပိုင္ history. This is a great activity for students to complete with their grandparents. Older students can go further with their research and use sites such as Genealogy.com and Ancestry.com to find their long-lost roots. Post a world map in your classroom, and have the students mark the countries in which their ancestors lived.
Graphing the Ages. Your students can illustrate the median ages of people in regions of the United States or by state with the data found at Estimates of the Median Age of the Population for the U.S. Where does your state stand in the larger national picture? Access more data from the U.S. Census Bureau, including statistics စာရင္းအင္းပညာ about American households and changes in population.
Poems for Grandma and Grandpa. Invite your students to share their thoughts about grandparents poetically. Their work may be serious, humorous, or fanciful စိတ္ကူးယဥ္ တတ္ေသာ . Examples from the Internet include At Grandma's House and Sammy Snake's Grandpa by "Grandpa" Tucker. Consider having your students write poems or create artwork; you can find some samples နမူနာ to motivate them in the contest ယွဥ္ၿပိဳင္ပဲြ resources at National Grandparents Day. (Note: The contests have not been run in several years, but the samples are available for viewing.)
Bag of Fun. Gather a few materials and put them in bags for students to take with them and share with their grandparents or a senior friend. You might use paper lunch bags and have your students decorate them with crayons ေရာင္စုံခဲတံ or markers. You might include the Hand in Hand Activity and some of the Grandmother or Grandfather coloring sheets. Other possible items for the bags might be student-made stories or books, cards, tea bags or hot chocolate mix, cookies you have made or decorated in class, a favorite classroom song, and any other items that encourage students to share. Mature students may create a portfolio of their class work and take a favorite book to a scheduled visit with their grandparents.
Vaudeville Performance. Read Song and Dance Man, by Karen Ackerman, to your class. This is the story of a grandpa who entertains ဧည့္ခံ his grandchildren with an impromptu Vaudeville show from props stored in an old trunk. Talk about the various types of performers -- dancers, comedians, လူရႊင္ေတာ္ magicians, and singers -- and have your students separate into groups and orchestrate ဇာတ္တုိက္ their own short skits. You, or an especially outgoing student, may serve as the master of ceremonies. Hold a dress rehearsal ဇာတ္တုိက္ျခင္း after a few days of practice, and invite grandparents to attend a command performance in the classroom.
For more book resources for Grandparents Day, check out the list Books to Celebrate Grandparents Day. A popular story used by many classroom teachers is Wilfred Gordon McDonald Partridge, by Mem Fox. Curriculum suggestions for the book can be found at Book Bridges: A Family Literacy Program. In the young adult category, Rules of the Road by Joan Bauer is a favorite. Find out more about the author at The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books: Joan Bauer. For young children, there are few better stories about grandparents than Just Grandma and Me, by Mercer Mayer.
ASC English was established in 1991 by a group of educational professionals to provide high quality, reasonably priced, language programs to foreign students.
As ASC worked with international students, it became clear that students needed additional preparation to be more competitive. In order for students to achieve their goals, they often need to take standardized tests or exams such as TOEFL, TOEIC, SAT, MCAS, and ISEE. ASC is a response to this growing need.
With ten years of experience and a goal-oriented curriculum, ASC’s academic programs empower students to realize their dreams. The goal of ASC is to provide quality educational programs. Teachers and staff work hard to provide a supportive environment for our students and have been able to maintain strong student-teacher interaction. At ASC we believe students will find the tools they need to be successful.
The ASC’s Super A Program was created as a highly academic program for international students and is coordinated with local universities such as Eastern Nazarene College and Northeastern University. Whatever your level is, ASC provides a course to fulfill your needs. Students will be placed either in an Intensive English, TOEFL, or Academic English course according to their ability.
Intensive English: Geared toward building a strong English foundation; Curriculum focuses on conversational English, basic grammar, writing, and reading
TOEFL: Score 50 - 100 points more in a short period of time; Curriculum focuses on students’ 17 most common test errors
Academic English: English for higher education and international career; Curriculum focuses on presentation, discussion/debates, and research projects
Happy birthday to sawaunghein
၁၃.၇.၀၈
လု္ဏီယုိ၀္ မာဲြေ၀့ ေစာေအာင္ဟိန္း အ္ွဖုဲမူ.ဏီေဆ၀္လ္ွ၊
လာဏင့္သီး လု္လု္မူ.ဟွးခါ့ဏ္ွ ထီသုိ၀္သယ္ဟွယ့္စာင္းဍ၀္
မာ၀ုံးခိြက္ေ၀့လု္ေပ၀့္ယုဂ္ေဆ၀္၊
ထံင္ထာင္လု္ဏီယို၀္ ဆံင့္မံင္းထအု္ေမံယာ့ခါ့ မု္ဍဳဂ္အင္းဍဳဂ္အ၀္
ေကမူ.ဆာ့လာဏင့္ ကဲထင္းထာင္ေ၀့ လု္မူ.ဃွာင္.ေကဟွခါ့ေဆ၀္လ္ွ။
ပု္ဖုဳံကုိ၀္.ဟွာ မာ၀ုိ၀္မာဆုိင္ဟွံင္ မာေဏ၀္အု္တာအင္းဖံင့္အင္းဖာ္ (အုိးသူႀကီး)ဏ္ွ မာဲြေ၀့ အ္ွတြာန္႕ထီ့ေဖါဟ္စင္ က်၀္မ်အူးေဆ၀္လ္ွ၊
လ၀္မုဂ္လ၀္ထာင္ ဆု္ဟု္လင္ဏီ.ဆု္ခုာင္ဏ္ွဍ၀္ မာဲြေ၀့ ခဲြါကြင္အိင္ဖင္ ဖူ႕ခု္လုိ၀္ေဆ၀္လ္ွ၊
မာ၀ုိ၀္မာဆုိင္ အင္းဖံင့္အင္းဖာ္ဟံွင္ ဟွယ့္ထံင္ထီသုိ၀္ဖူ.၀ဲါေမာ၀္မင္လု္ဖး သုဂ္အင္းသုဂ္အ၀္သယ္ဟွံင္ ေဆာဟ္ဖးထင္းထာင္ happy birth day to you ျပာျပာေဆ၀္လ္ွ။
ယုဂ္ထင္း၀ါ အု္ဏိင္း( ၃၂) က်၀္အင္ဟိန္းေ၀့လု္ဟွာ ယုဂ္ထ၀့္သာယွဴး အ္ွမုဂ္ဆံင့္ခုာင့္ဟံွင္
ေ၀့၀းသာသုိ၀္ ဖုံင့္ဟွးဍဳဂ္ပါင္လာ. ကုိ၀္၀ုင္ေဍဏ္ွ မုဂ္ဆုိင့္ထီသုိ၀္ ပု္ကုံရြာဲသယ္ကုိ၀္ဟွာ ရာဓညာ. ဆုတံင္.ပုဂ္တာ၀း ေဍသုင္းသာေဟွ၀္အြာဏ္ွေဆ၀္လ္ွ။
အ္ွဆံင္းလာ.ကုိ၀္ဟွာေဍဆာ္။
မိတၲာဆုိင့္(ထီ့၀ါန္.ရ၀္)
Saturday, July 12, 2008
အဲဆုိဒ္သာဖါန္
ပု္ဖုံဳသယ္ယုိ၀္ ေခတ္လံင္အာင္းက်ဳပ္ ပလီပလာလင္ယြာ အ္ွကာင္ဖာအးလင္ယွးယာင္ဖါ
ဖူး၀ဲါလ၀့္သီး ေသ္်ယာ့လုိင္ေအး၊
သု္နာဟွဴ႕ဟွာ မာလင္ဖါပု္ ပု္သယ္ကုိ၀္ဟွာ ေသ္ွယာ့လာသာ ေခတ္ယုိ၀္ပု္မု္ဗးခါသီ့။
ေစာထြန္႕သု္လာဖါန္
Sunday, July 6, 2008
သာသီ့လင္မာ.ပု္လ၀္
KNU ဘာလဲ
ကရင္အမ်ဳိးအသားအစည္းအ႐ုံး(KNU)ဟာ စစ္အစုိးရနဲ႔ အပစ္အခတ္မရပ္ေသးတ့ဲ သူပုန္အဖဲြ႔ေတြထဲမွာ အႀကီးဆုံး အဖဲြ႔ပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ စစ္အစုိးရနဲ႔ သေဘာထားခ်င္း မတုိက္ဆုိင္တ့ဲ အဖဲြ႔အစည္းေတြက မဟာမိတ္ႀကီးအျဖစ္ ေလးစားရတ့ဲ၊ အားကုိးရတ့ဲ အဖဲြ႔ႀကီးလည္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ကရင္တုိင္းရင္းသားလက္နက္ကုိင္ေတြဟာ ျမန္မာစစ္အစုိးရကုိ ပုန္ကန္ခ့ဲတာ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၆၀ ရိွပါၿပီ။ သိပ္မၾကာေသးခင္ကပဲ ေစာဘုိျမ၊ ပဒုိမန္းရွာ၊ ေစာဘသင္စိန္ စတ့ဲ KNU ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြ ေရွ႔ဆင့္ေနာက္ဆင့္ ကြယ္လြန္သြားပါတယ္။ လက္ရိွအေျခအေနမွာ အင္အား ႀကီးမားလွတ့ဲ ဒီအဖဲြ႔ႀကီး တျဖည္းျဖည္း ခ်ိနဲ႔လာတာ ေတြ႔ရမွာပါ။
ဒီလုိ အားနည္းလာရတာဟာ နာမည္ေက်ာ္ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ႀကီးေတြ ကြယ္လြန္သြားလုိ႔ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ စစ္အစုိးရက KNU နယ္ေျမေတြကုိ နည္းမ်ဳိးစုံနဲ႔ သိမ္းပုိက္ႏုိင္ခ့ဲလုိ႔ပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၿပီးခ့ဲတ့ဲ ၁၇ ႏွစ္အတြင္း KNUရဲ႕ ေအာက္ေျခနဲ႔ အလယ္အလတ္အဆင့္ စစ္ေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္ အမ်ားအျပားကုိ စစ္အစုိးရက စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ပုိင္ခြင့္မက္လုံးေတြ ေပးၿပီး လက္နက္ခ်ခုိင္းခ့ဲပါတယ္။
ဂုဏ္ယူခံစားလုိ႔မရတဲ့တုိက္ပဲြ
KNUရဲေဘာ္ေတြထဲမွာ ခရစ္ယာန္ဘာသာ၀င္က အမ်ားစုပါ။ ၁၉၉၅ ဒီဇင္ဘာလမွာ KNU ထဲက တပ္သား အင္အား ၅၀၀ ပုန္ကန္ခြဲထြက္သြားပါတယ္။ ခဲြထြက္သူေတြဟာ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ ကုိးကြယ္တ့ဲ တပ္ဖြဲ႔၀င္ေတြပါ။ သူတုိ႔က ဒီေကဘီေအ(DKBA) ဆုိၿပီး အဖဲြ႔တခုကုိ တည္ေထာင္လုိက္ပါတယ္။ တိုးတက္ေသာ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ ကရင္ အမ်ဳိးသား တပ္မေတာ္ (DKBA) လုိ႔ အမည္ေပးပါတယ္။
